Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines

Informationen zum Autor Y. FRANK CHENG, PhD, is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Pipeline Engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. Cheng has published over 115 journal articles dedicated to corrosion, pipeline engineering, and materials science. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee for Pipeline Transportation of Diluted Bitumen; the Editorial Board of Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology; and the Board of Directors of the Canadian Fracture Research Corporation. Dr. Cheng is also Theme Editor of Pipeline Engineering for the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, developed under the auspices of UNESCO. Klappentext Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be preventedPipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc.This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure.Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers:* Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines* High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines* Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments* Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds* Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steelsThe final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking.By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking--the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies--this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world. Zusammenfassung Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. Inhaltsverzeichnis Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Pipelines as "Energy Highways" 2 1.2 Pipeline Safety and Integrity Management 3 1.3 Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking 3 References 5 2 Fundamentals of Stress Corrosion Cracking 7 2.1 Definition of Stress Corrosion Cracking 7 2.2 Specific Metal-Environment Combinations 9 2.3 Metallurgical Aspects of SCC 11 2.3.1 Effect of Strength of Materials on SCC 11 2.3.2 Effect of Alloying Composition on SCC 11 2.3.3 Effect of Heat Treatment on SCC 11 2.3.4 Grain Boundary Precipitation 12 2.3.5 Grain Boundary Segregation 12 2.4 Electrochemistry of SCC 13 2.4.1 SCC Thermodynamics 13 2.4.2 SCC Kinetics 14 2.5 SCC Mechanisms 15 2.5.1 SCC Initiation Mechanisms 15 2.5.2 Dissolution-Based SCC Propagation 16 2.5.3 Mechanical Fracture-Based SCC Propagation 18 2.6 Effects of Hydrogen on SCC and Hydrogen Damage 20 2.6.1 Sources of Hydrogen 20 2.6.2 Characteristics of Hydrogen in Me...

List of contents

Foreword xiii
 
Preface xv
 
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Pipelines as "Energy Highways" / 2
 
1.2 Pipeline Safety and Integrity Management / 3
 
1.3 Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking / 3
 
References / 5
 
2 Fundamentals of Stress Corrosion Cracking 7
 
2.1 Definition of Stress Corrosion Cracking / 7
 
2.2 Specific Metal-Environment Combinations / 9
 
2.3 Metallurgical Aspects of SCC / 11
 
2.3.1 Effect of Strength of Materials on SCC / 11
 
2.3.2 Effect of Alloying Composition on SCC / 11
 
2.3.3 Effect of Heat Treatment on SCC / 11
 
2.3.4 Grain Boundary Precipitation / 12
 
2.3.5 Grain Boundary Segregation / 12
 
2.4 Electrochemistry of SCC / 13
 
2.4.1 SCC Thermodynamics / 13
 
2.4.2 SCC Kinetics / 14
 
2.5 SCC Mechanisms / 15
 
2.5.1 SCC Initiation Mechanisms / 15
 
2.5.2 Dissolution-Based SCC Propagation / 16
 
2.5.3 Mechanical Fracture-Based SCC Propagation / 18
 
2.6 Effects of Hydrogen on SCC and Hydrogen Damage / 20
 
2.6.1 Sources of Hydrogen / 20
 
2.6.2 Characteristics of Hydrogen in Metals / 21
 
2.6.3 The Hydrogen Effect / 21
 
2.6.4 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Damage / 25
 
2.7 Role of Microorganisms in SCC / 27
 
2.7.1 Microbially Influenced Corrosion / 27
 
2.7.2 Microorganisms Involved in MIC / 29
 
2.7.3 Role of MIC in SCC Processes / 31
 
2.8 Corrosion Fatigue / 32
 
2.8.1 Features of Fatigue Failure / 33
 
2.8.2 Features of Corrosion Fatigue / 34
 
2.8.3 Factors Affecting CF and CF Management / 35
 
2.9 Comparison of SCC, HIC, and CF / 35
 
References / 37
 
3 Understanding Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking 43
 
3.1 Introduction / 43
 
3.2 Practical Case History of SCC in Pipelines / 44
 
3.2.1 Case 1: SCC of Enbridge Glenavon Pipelines (SCC in an Oil Pipeline) / 45
 
3.2.2 Case 2: SCC of Williams Lake Pipelines (SCC in a Gas Pipeline) / 46
 
3.3 General Features of Pipeline SCC / 46
 
3.3.1 High-pH SCC of Pipelines / 47
 
3.3.2 Nearly Neutral-pH SCC of Pipelines / 48
 
3.3.3 Cracking Characteristics / 48
 
3.4 Conditions for Pipeline SCC / 50
 
3.4.1 Corrosive Environments / 50
 
3.4.2 Susceptible Line Pipe Steels / 53
 
3.4.3 Stress / 58
 
3.5 Role of Pressure Fluctuation in Pipelines: SCC or Corrosion Fatigue? / 62
 
References / 68
 
4 Nearly Neutral-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines 73
 
4.1 Introduction / 73
 
4.2 Primary Characteristics / 73
 
4.3 Contributing Factors / 75
 
4.3.1 Coatings / 75
 
4.3.2 Cathodic Protection / 79
 
4.3.3 Soil Characteristics / 81
 
4.3.4 Microorganisms / 83
 
4.3.5 Temperature / 85
 
4.3.6 Stress / 85
 
4.3.7 Steel Metallurgy / 88
 
4.4 Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks from Corrosion Pits / 89
 
4.5 Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation Mechanism / 96
 
4.5.1 Role of Hydrogen in Enhanced Corrosion of Steels / 96
 
4.5.2 Potential-Dependent Nearly Neutral-pH SCC of Pipelines / 99
 
4.5.3 Pipeline Steels in Nearly Neutral-pH Solutions: Always Active Dissolution? / 101
 
4.6 Models for Prediction of Nearly Neutral-pH SCC Propagation / 104
 
References / 111
 
5 High-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines 117
 
5.1 Introduction / 117
 
5.2 Primary Characteristics / 117
 
5.3 Contributing Factors / 118
 
5.3.

Product details

• Authors: Cheng, Y Frank Cheng, Y. Frank Cheng, CHENG Y FRANK, Y. Frank Cheng
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 15.03.2013
• EAN: 9781118022672
• ISBN: 978-1-118-02267-2
• No. of pages: 288
• Series: Wiley Series in Corrosion; Wiley Series in Corrosion; Wiley Corrosion
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry > Miscellaneous; Chemie, Korrosion, Elektrochemie, chemistry, Materialwissenschaften, electrochemistry, Chemical Engineering, chemische Verfahrenstechnik, corrosion, Materials science, Allg. Chemische Verfahrenstechnik