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Growth of immobilized cells can be viewed as an alternative to growth of free cells in many instances. In others, immobilization confers a precision of control over the process not possible in free growth. Immobilization of cells can sometimes be considered to be a lower cost alternative to immobilization of enzymes. In this volume, immobilization procedures based on mechanical means and bonding of various types are examined, with detailed application examples. These applications include microorganisms, plant and animal cells, sub-cellular organelles and multiple enzyme systems. Particular attention is devoted to enzyme properties in immobilized cells and the properties of the carrier. The volume should provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the subject, together with copious references. As well as serving as a research monograph, it could be used to provide reference material for a graduate course. Special thanks are due Mrs. JENNIFER KERBY for her dedicated work in the preparation of the manuscript, and IT-CHIN HSIEH for bibliographical assistance. COLIN R. PHILLIPS Toronto, July 1988 YIU C. POON v Table of Contents 1 Introduction. 1 References . 9 2 Methods of Cell Immobilization 11 2.1 Mechanical Immobilization . 11 2.1.1 Mycelial Pellet and Mat 11 2.1.2 Encapsulation .. 48 2.1.3 Dialysis Culture. . . 49 2.1.4 Entrapment. .... 50 2.2 Covalent Attachment 61 2.3 Ionic Attachment 62 2.3.1 Flocculation 62 2.3.2 Adsorption . 64 References . 66 3 Special Problems and Extended Applications . 75 3.1 Special Problems and Techniques .
List of contents
1 Introduction.- References.- 2 Methods of Cell Immobilization.- 2.1 Mechanical Immobilization.- 2.1.1 Mycelial Pellet and Mat.- 2.1.2 Encapsulation.- 2.1.3 Dialysis Culture.- 2.1.4 Entrapment.- 2.2 Covalent Attachment.- 2.3 Ionic Attachment.- 2.3.1 Flocculation.- 2.3.2 Adsorption.- References.- 3 Special Problems and Extended Applications.- 3.1 Special Problems and Techniques.- 3.1.1 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity.- 3.1.2 Insolubility and Limited Diffusion.- 3.2 Extension of Immobilized Materials.- 3.2.1 Plant Cells.- 3.2.2 Animal Cells.- 3.2.3 Subcellular Materials.- 3.2.4 Multiple Enzyme Systems.- 3.3 Immobilized Cells in Industrial Production.- References.- 4 Properties of Immobilized Cell System.- 4.1 Properties of the Microbial Cells.- 4.1.1 Cells Used in Immobilization.- 4.1.2 The Growth Cycle.- 4.1.3 Viability.- 4.1.4 Electron Microscopy.- 4.2 Properties of Enzymes in Immobilized Cells.- 4.2.1 Single and Multiple Enzymes.- 4.2.2 Location of the Enzymes.- 4.2.3 Operational Stability of Enzymes.- 4.3 Morphology of the Carrier.- 4.3.1 SEM Observations.- 4.3.2 Particle Morphology.- 4.3.3 Pore Size.- 4.3.4 Porosity.- 4.3.5 Compressibility.- 4.3.6 Abrasion and Rupture Resistance.- 4.3.7 Thermal Properties.- 4.3.8 Surface Properties.- 4.3.9 Chemical Properties.- References.- 5 Kinetics and Reactor Design for Immobilized Cells.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Effectiveness Factors.- 5.3 Reactor Types and Immobilized Cell Geometries.- Notation.- References.- Author Index.
