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Informationen zum Autor Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian is a plastics technology consultant specializing in materials, additives, and processing equipment, including troubleshooting. The author obtained his BSc in Chemistry from the Madurai Kamaraj University and his MSc (1988) in Polymer Technology from Bharathiar University. He received his Post Graduate Diploma in Plastics Processing Technology from CIPET, Chennai. He has also completed his PhD in Polymer Science from Madurai Kamaraj University. He has worked in the plastic process industry, mainly in R & D, for 13 years before turning to consultancy and building up an international client base. Muralisrinivasan teaches plastics processing seminars as well as being a Board of Studies Expert Member of Colleges in India dealing with curriculum of technology subjects. He is also the author of two other Wiley-Scrivener books: The Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing (2011); and Plastic Additives and Testing (2013). Klappentext Because it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives. An important contribution to the commercial polymer industry, Polymer Blends and Composites is one of the first books to combine plastics additives, testing, and quality control. The book is a comprehensive treatise on properties that provides detailed guidelines for selecting and using blends and composites for applications. A valuable resource for operators, processors, engineers, chemists, the book serves to stimulate those already active in natural polymer composites. Zusammenfassung Because it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Blends 2 1.2 Polymer Composites 2 1.3 Blends and Composites - Advantages 3 1.4 Summary 4 References 4 2 Polymers 7 2.1 Macromolecules 7 2.2 Types of Polymers 8 2.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 9 2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10 2.3 Polymerization 10 2.4 Polymerization Techniques 10 2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14 2.5.1 Thermoplastics 15 2.5.2 Polyolefins 16 2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16 2.5.3.1 Physical Properties 17 2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 2.5.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 19 2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20 2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21 2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22 2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22 2.5.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23 2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24 2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24 2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25 2.6 Engineering Polymers 26 2.6.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27 2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28 2.6.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 29 2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30 2.6.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32 2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 33 2.7 Natural Polymers 33 2.7.1 Cellulose 34 2.7.2 Wood 34 2.7.3 Starch 35 2.7.4 Lignin 35 2.7.5 Chitosan 36 2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36 2.7.7 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37 2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37 2.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38 2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39 2.8.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39 2.8.4 Thermosets 39 2.8.5 Phenolic Resins 40 2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41 2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42 2.8.8 Silicone Resins 43 2.8.9 Amino Resins 43 2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43 2.8.11 Unsaturated Pol...
List of contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Polymer Blends 2
1.2 Polymer Composites 2
1.3 Blends and Composites - Advantages 3
1.4 Summary 4
References 4
2 Polymers 7
2.1 Macromolecules 7
2.2 Types of Polymers 8
2.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 9
2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10
2.3 Polymerization 10
2.4 Polymerization Techniques 10
2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14
2.5.1 Thermoplastics 15
2.5.2 Polyolefins 16
2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16
2.5.3.1 Physical Properties 17
2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18
2.5.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 19
2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density
Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20
2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21
2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22
2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22
2.5.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23
2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24
2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24
2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25
2.6 Engineering Polymers 26
2.6.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27
2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28
2.6.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 29
2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30
2.6.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32
2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 33
2.7 Natural Polymers 33
2.7.1 Cellulose 34
2.7.2 Wood 34
2.7.3 Starch 35
2.7.4 Lignin 35
2.7.5 Chitosan 36
2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36
2.7.7 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37
2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37
2.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38
2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39
2.8.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39
2.8.4 Thermosets 39
2.8.5 Phenolic Resins 40
2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41
2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42
2.8.8 Silicone Resins 43
2.8.9 Amino Resins 43
2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43
2.8.11 Unsaturated Polyester Resins 43
2.8.12 Bismaleimide (BMI) 44
2.9 Trends 44
2.10 Summary 45
References 45
3 Polymer Properties 57
3.1 Chemistry 58
3.2 Polymer Properties 58
3.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 60
3.2.2 Crystallinity 61
3.2.3 Tacticity 63
3.2.4 Intermolecular Forces 63
3.2.4.1 Dipole Moment 64
3.2.4.2 Phase Behavior 64
3.3 Surface Properties 65
3.3.1 Viscoelastic Properties 65
3.3.2 Mechanical Properties 67
3.3.3 Tensile Properties 67
3.3.4 Electrical Properties 68
3.3.5 Thermal Properties 68
3.3.6 Magnetic Properties 68
3.3.7 Barrier Properties 69
3.3.8 Rheological Properties 69
3.3.9 Elastic Properties 69
3.3.10 Thermodynamic Properties 70
3.4 Catalysis 70
3.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Properties 71
3.6 Summary 72
References 72
4 Additives 77
4.1 Polymer Additives 77
4.2 Additives Influencing Blends and Composites 78
4.2.1 Antioxidants 78
4.2.2 Light Stabilizers 80
4.2.3 Heat Stabilizers 80
4.2.4 Plasticizers 81
4.2.5 Lubricants 83
4.2.6 Silp Additives 84
4.2.7 Antiblocking Additives 85
4.3 Processing Aids 85
4.3.1 Viscosity Modifiers 86
4.3.2 Accelerators 86
4.3.3 Mold Release Agents 87
4.3.4 Coupling Agents 87
