Introduction to Molecular Anthropology

Informationen zum Autor Mark Stoneking directs the Human Population History group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, and is Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig. Klappentext Molecular anthropology uses molecular genetic methods to address questions and issues of anthropological interest. More specifically, molecular anthropology is concerned with genetic evidence concerning human origins, migrations, and population relationships, including related topics such as the role of recent natural selection in human population differentiation, or the impact of particular social systems on patterns of human genetic variation.Organized into three major sections, An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology first covers the basics of genetics - what genes are, what they do, and how they do it - as well as how genes behave in populations and how evolution influences them. The following section provides an overview of the different kinds of genetic variation in humans, and how this variation is analyzed and used to make evolutionary inferences. The third section concludes with a presentation of the current state of genetic evidence for human origins, the spread of humans around the world, the role of selection and adaptation in human evolution, and the impact of culture on human genetic variation. A final, concluding chapter discusses various aspects of molecular anthropology in the genomics era, including personal ancestry testing and personal genomics. An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology is an invaluable resource for students studying human evolution, biological anthropology, or molecular anthropology, as well as a reference for anthropologists and anyone else interested in the genetic history of humans. Zusammenfassung Filling a unique and unmet need for introductory molecular anthropology texts, An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology covers basic genetic concepts, such as what genes are, what they do, and how they are inherited. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xi Chapter 1 Genes: How they are inherited 1 Blood and ABO blood groups 1 Inheritance of ABO blood groups 3 Inheritance of more than one gene: ABO and rhesus blood groups 4 Sex chromosomes 9 Determining how traits are inherited: Pedigree analysis 10 What is-and isn't-inherited 12 Concluding remarks 14 Chapter 2 What genes are, what they do, and how they do it 15 Chromosomes, proteins, and nucleic acids: Figuring out what genes are 15 The structure of genes and what they do: The central dogma and the flow of information 18 How genes do what they do: Transcription and translation 19 The genetic code 22 DNA replication 23 The consequences of mutations 23 What causes mutations? 25 A final cautionary note 26 Chapter 3 Genes in populations 27 What is a population? 27 The concept of "effective population size" 28 The sex ratio and Ne 29 Inbreeding and Ne 30 Variation in population size over time and Ne30 >e 31 Ne for humans 33 Chapter 4 A simple model: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 35 The gene pool with no evolution: The Hardy-Weinberg principle 35 Exceptions 38 A real-life example 39 Some practical uses for Hardy-Weinberg 41 Chapter 5 Evolutionary forces 45 Non-random mating 45 Small population size 48 Mutation 53 Migration 56 Selection 60 Evolutionary forces: Summary 68 Chapter 6 Molecular evolution 69 Functionally less important molecules (or parts of molecules) evolve faster than more important ones 70 Conservative substitutions occur more frequently than disruptive ones 71 The rate of molecular evo...

List of contents

Preface xi
 
Chapter 1 Genes: How they are inherited 1
 
Blood and ABO blood groups 1
 
Inheritance of ABO blood groups 3
 
Inheritance of more than one gene: ABO and rhesus blood groups 4
 
Sex chromosomes 9
 
Determining how traits are inherited: Pedigree analysis 10
 
What is--and isn't--inherited 12
 
Concluding remarks 14
 
Chapter 2 What genes are, what they do, and how they do it 15
 
Chromosomes, proteins, and nucleic acids: Figuring out what genes are 15
 
The structure of genes and what they do: The central dogma and the flow of information 18
 
How genes do what they do: Transcription and translation 19
 
The genetic code 22
 
DNA replication 23
 
The consequences of mutations 23
 
What causes mutations? 25
 
A final cautionary note 26
 
Chapter 3 Genes in populations 27
 
What is a population? 27
 
The concept of "effective population size" 28
 
The sex ratio and Ne 29
 
Inbreeding and Ne 30
 
Variation in population size over time and Ne 30
 
Differential fertility and Ne 31
 
Ne for humans 33
 
Chapter 4 A simple model: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 35
 
The gene pool with no evolution: The Hardy-Weinberg principle 35
 
Exceptions 38
 
A real-life example 39
 
Some practical uses for Hardy-Weinberg 41
 
Chapter 5 Evolutionary forces 45
 
Non-random mating 45
 
Small population size 48
 
Mutation 53
 
Migration 56
 
Selection 60
 
Evolutionary forces: Summary 68
 
Chapter 6 Molecular evolution 69
 
Functionally less important molecules (or parts of molecules) evolve faster than more important ones 70
 
Conservative substitutions occur more frequently than disruptive ones 71
 
The rate of molecular evolution is approximately constant 72
 
Contrasting phenotypic and molecular evolution 73
 
How do new gene functions arise? 74
 
Gene regulation and phenotypic evolution 77
 
Chapter 7 Genetic markers 79
 
Classical markers: Immunogenetic markers 79
 
Classical markers: Biochemical polymorphisms 81
 
The first DNA markers: Restriction fragment length polymorphisms 84
 
Polymerase chain reaction 86
 
DNA sequencing: The sanger method 89
 
Next-generation sequencing 90
 
Targeting single DNA bases: SNPs 92
 
Variation in length 94
 
Other structural variation 99
 
Concluding remarks 100
 
Chapter 8 Sampling populations and individuals 103
 
Sampling populations: General issues 103
 
Sampling populations: Ethical issues 105
 
Archival samples 108
 
Chapter 9 Sampling DNA regions 111
 
Mitochondrial DNA 111
 
Y chromosomal DNA 116
 
Autosomal DNA 119
 
X chromosome DNA 121
 
Public databases 122
 
Chapter 10 Analysis of genetic data from populations 125
 
Genetic diversity within populations 125
 
Genetic distances between populations 128
 
Displaying genetic distance data: Trees 135
 
Displaying genetic data: Multidimensional scaling, principal components, and correspondence analysis 139
 
Chapter 11 Analysis of genetic data from individuals 147
 
Genetic distances for DNA sequences 147
 
Trees for DNA sequences 153
 
Rooting trees 156
 
Assessing the confidence of a tree 157
 
Network analyses 160
 
Genome-wide data: Unsupervised analyses 161
 
Chapter 12 Inferences about demographi

Product details

• Authors: M Stoneking, Mark Stoneking, Mark (Max Planck Institute for Evolutio Stoneking, Mark (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Stoneking, Stoneking Mark
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Paperback / Softback
• Released: 27.12.2016
• EAN: 9781118061626
• ISBN: 978-1-118-06162-6
• No. of pages: 400
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Biology > Miscellaneous; Social sciences, law, business > Sociology > Miscellaneous; Anthropologie, Evolutionsbiologie, Life Sciences, Anthropology, Biowissenschaften, Medizinische Anthropologie, Evolutionary Biology, Medical Anthropology, Biologische Anthropologie, Biological Anthropology