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Informationen zum Autor Alessandro Ferrero is a Professor at the Polytechnic University of Milan. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. Dario Petri is a Professor at the University of Trento. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. Paolo Carbone is a Professor at the University of Perugia. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and editor-in-chief of the international journal, ACTA IMEKO. Marcantonio Catelani is a Professor at the University of Florence. He is a member of the IEEE and Chair of IMEKO TC10 Technical diagnostics. Klappentext This book is a collection of chapters linked together by a logical framework aimed at exploring the modern role of the measurement science in both the technically most advanced applications and in everyday life* Provides a unique methodological approach to understanding modern measurements* Important methods and devices are presented in a synthetic and easy-to-understand way* Includes end-of-chapter exercises and solutions Zusammenfassung The science of measurement and instrumentation is a multidisciplinary study. Inhaltsverzeichnis PREFACE xv ACRONYMS xvii I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 MEASUREMENT MODELS AND UNCERTAINTY 3 Alessandro Ferrero and Dario Petri 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Measurement and Metrology 4 1.3 Measurement Along the Centuries 5 1.3.1 Measurement in Ancient Greece 6 1.3.2 Measurement in the Roman Empire 6 1.3.3 Measurement in the Renaissance Period 7 1.3.4 Measurement in the Modern Age 8 1.3.5 Measurement Today 9 1.4 Measurement Model 10 1.4.1 A First Measurement Model 11 1.4.2 A More Complex Measurement Model 16 1.4.3 Final Remarks 19 1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 20 1.5.1 The Origin of the Doubt 21 1.5.2 The Different Effects on the Measurement Result 23 1.5.3 The Final Effect 25 1.6 Uncertainty Definition and Evaluation 27 1.6.1 The Error Concept and Why it Should be Abandoned 28 1.6.2 Uncertainty Definition: The GUM Approach 29 1.6.3 Evaluating Standard Uncertainty 31 1.6.4 The Combined Standard Uncertainty 35 1.7 Conclusions 39 Further Reading 40 References 41 Exercises 41 2 THE SYSTEM OF UNITS AND THE MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 47 Franco Cabiati 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Role of the Unit in the Measurement Process 48 2.3 Ideal Structure of a Unit System 50 2.4 Evolution of the Unit Definition 52 2.5 The SI System of Units 53 2.6 Perspectives of Future SI Evolution 59 2.7 Realization of Units and Primary Standards 62 2.7.1 Meter Realization and Length Standards 65 2.7.2 Kilogram Realization and Mass Standards: Present Situation 66 2.7.3 Kilogram Realization: Future Perspective 67 2.7.4 Realization of the Second and Time Standards 69 2.7.5 Electrical Unit Realizations and Standards: Present Situation 71 2.7.6 Electrical Units Realization and Standards: Future Perspective 76 2.7.7 Kelvin Realization and Temperature Standards: Present Situation 78 2.7.8 Kelvin Realization and Temperature Standards: Future Perspective 79 2.7.9 Mole Realization: Present Situation 80 2.7.10 Mole Realization: Future Perspective 81 2.7.11 Candela Realization and Photometric Standards 82 2.8 Conclusions 83 Further Reading 83 References 84 Exercises 84 3 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING IN MEASUREMENT 87 Alessandro Ferrero and Claudio Narduzzi 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Sampling Theory 88 3.2.1 Sampling and Fourier Analysis 89 3.2.2 Band-Limited Signals 92 3.2.3 Interpolation 95 3.3 Me...
List of contents
PREFACE xv
ACRONYMS xvii
I FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 MEASUREMENT MODELS AND UNCERTAINTY 3
Alessandro Ferrero and Dario Petri
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Measurement and Metrology 4
1.3 Measurement Along the Centuries 5
1.3.1 Measurement in Ancient Greece 6
1.3.2 Measurement in the Roman Empire 6
1.3.3 Measurement in the Renaissance Period 7
1.3.4 Measurement in the Modern Age 8
1.3.5 Measurement Today 9
1.4 Measurement Model 10
1.4.1 A First Measurement Model 11
1.4.2 A More Complex Measurement Model 16
1.4.3 Final Remarks 19
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 20
1.5.1 The Origin of the Doubt 21
1.5.2 The Different Effects on the Measurement Result 23
1.5.3 The Final Effect 25
1.6 Uncertainty Definition and Evaluation 27
1.6.1 The Error Concept and Why it Should be Abandoned 28
1.6.2 Uncertainty Definition: The GUM Approach 29
1.6.3 Evaluating Standard Uncertainty 31
1.6.4 The Combined Standard Uncertainty 35
1.7 Conclusions 39
Further Reading 40
References 41
Exercises 41
2 THE SYSTEM OF UNITS AND THE MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 47
Franco Cabiati
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Role of the Unit in the Measurement Process 48
2.3 Ideal Structure of a Unit System 50
2.4 Evolution of the Unit Definition 52
2.5 The SI System of Units 53
2.6 Perspectives of Future SI Evolution 59
2.7 Realization of Units and Primary Standards 62
2.7.1 Meter Realization and Length Standards 65
2.7.2 Kilogram Realization and Mass Standards: Present Situation 66
2.7.3 Kilogram Realization: Future Perspective 67
2.7.4 Realization of the Second and Time Standards 69
2.7.5 Electrical Unit Realizations and Standards: Present Situation 71
2.7.6 Electrical Units Realization and Standards: Future Perspective 76
2.7.7 Kelvin Realization and Temperature Standards: Present Situation 78
2.7.8 Kelvin Realization and Temperature Standards: Future Perspective 79
2.7.9 Mole Realization: Present Situation 80
2.7.10 Mole Realization: Future Perspective 81
2.7.11 Candela Realization and Photometric Standards 82
2.8 Conclusions 83
Further Reading 83
References 84
Exercises 84
3 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING IN MEASUREMENT 87
Alessandro Ferrero and Claudio Narduzzi
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Sampling Theory 88
3.2.1 Sampling and Fourier Analysis 89
3.2.2 Band-Limited Signals 92
3.2.3 Interpolation 95
3.3 Measurement Algorithms for Periodic Signals 96
3.3.1 Sampling Periodic Signals 97
3.3.2 Estimation of the RMS Value 99
3.4 Digital Filters 102
3.5 Measuring Multi-Frequency Signals 106
3.5.1 Finite-Length Sequences 107
3.5.2 Discrete Fourier Transform 111
3.5.3 Uniform Window 113
3.5.4 Spectral Leakage 114
3.5.5 Leakage Reduction by the Use of Windows 116
3.6 Statistical Measurement Algorithms 119
3.7 Conclusions 120
Further Reading 121
References 122
Exercises 122
4 AD AND DA CONVERSION 125
Niclas Björsell
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Sampling 125
4.2.1 Quantization 126
4.2.2 Sampling Theorem 129
4.2.3 Signal Reconstruction 130
4.2.4 Anti-Alias Filter 133
4.3 Analog-to-Digital Con
