Philosopher's Way, The:Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas Plus MySearchLab with eText -- Access Card Package

Students learn to critically think about philosophy. The Philosopher's Way inspires students to think like a philosopher, helping them become more accomplished critical thinkers and develop the analytical tools needed to think philosophically about important issues. This text features readings from major philosophical texts and commentary to guide students in their understanding of the topics. It is organized by questions central to the main branches of philosophy and examines the ideas of philosophers past and present. A better teaching and learning experience This program will provide a better teaching and learning experience-for you and your students. Here's how: * Personalize Learning - MySearchLab delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals. * Improve Critical Thinking - Critical thinking features challenge students to go beyond their reading and explore the connections philosophy has in their everyday lives.
* Engage Students - Full-color visuals bring topics to life, and writing examples give students a foundation for their own philosophical exploration. * Support Instructors - MySearchLab, Instructor's Manual, Test Bank, MyTest, and PowerPoint slides are available to be packaged with this text. Note: MySearchLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MySearchLab, please visit: www.mysearchlab.com or you can purchase a ValuePack of the text MySearchLab (at no additional cost): ValuePack ISBN-10: 0205885888 / ValuePack ISBN-13: 9780205885886.

List of contents

Found in this section:
1. Brief Table of Contents
2. Full Table of Contents
 

1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Chapter 1What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life
Chapter 2 What is the Philosopher’s Way? Socrates and the Examined Life
Chapter 3 Who are You? Consciousness, Identity, and the Self
Chapter 4 Are You Free? Freedom and Determinism
Chapter 5 How Can We Know the Nature of Reality? Philosophical Foundations
Chapter 6 What is Real? What is True? Further Explorations
Chapter 7 Is there a Spiritual Reality? Exploring the Philosophy of Religion
Chapter 8 Are there Moral Truths?Thinking About Ethics
Chapter 9 What are Right Actions? Constructing an Ethical Theory
Chapter 10 What is Social Justice? Creating a Just State
 



2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Preface
 
Chapter 1: What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life
1.1 Why Study Philosophy?
1.2 Defining Philosophy 
Philosophy Is the Pursuit of Wisdom
Philosophy Begins with Wonder 
Philosophy Is a Dynamic Process 
The Ultimate Aim of Philosophy 
1.3 Thinking Philosophically: Becoming a Critical Thinker 
Thinking Philosophically What Is Your Philosophy of Life? 
Qualities of a Critical Thinker 
Thinking Philosophically Who Are Your Models of Critical Thinking? 
The Process of Critical Thinking 
Thinking Philosophically Applying the Critical Thinking Model
Stages in Critical Thinking
1.4 Understanding Arguments 
The Structure of Arguments 
Evaluating Arguments 
Deductive Arguments 
Inductive Arguments 
Informal Fallacies 
Thinking Philosophically Evaluating Arguments 
1.5 Branches of Philosophy 
Metaphysics 
Thinking Philosophically Are You Willing to Question Your Beliefs? 
Thinking Philosophically How Do You Know What Is True? 
Epistemology 
Ethics 
Thinking Philosophically Do You Have a Moral Philosophy? 
Political and Social Philosophy 
Aesthetics 
1.6 Reading Critically: Working with Primary Sources 
Bertrand Russell, from The Value of Philosophy 
Reading Critically Analyzing Russell on the Value of Philosophy 
1.7 Making Connections: The Search for a Meaningful Life 
Thinking Philosophically What Do You Hope to Learn? 
Writing About Philosophy Analyzing Your Beliefs 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 2: What is the Philosopher’s Way? Socrates and the Examined Life
2.1 Socrates: A Model for Humanity 
Hesiod, Homer, and the Birth of Philosophy
Karl Jaspers, The Axial Period
A Man of Greece 
A Midwife of Ideas 
The Wisest of Men? 
Plato, from The Apology 
Reading Critically Analyzing Socrates on Wisdom and Humility 
2.2 The Socratic Method 
Plato, from The Republic 
Reading Critically Analyzing a Socratic Dialogue 
2.3 Socrates’ Central Concern: The Soul 
Plato, from The Apology 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Core Teachings of Socrates 
2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates 
Plato, from The Apology 
Thinking Philosophically Countering Personal Attacks 
Reading Critically Analyzing Socrates on Trial 
2.5 Making Connections: Socrates’ Legacy 
Thinking Philosophically Is Socrates Relevant Today? 
Writing About Philosophy A Socratic Dialogue 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 3: Who are You? Consciousness, Identity, and the Self
3.1 Know Thyself? 
Thinking Philosophically Do You Know Yourself? 
3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato 
Plato, from Phaedo 
Reading Critically Analyzing Socrates on the Self 
Plato, from Phaedrus, The Chariot Analogy 
3.3 St. Augustine’s Synthesis of Plato and Christianity
Thinking Philosophically Do you believe in an immortal soul?
3.4 Descartes’ Modern Perspective on the Self
Rene Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy
Thinking Philosophically Are you a Seeker After Truth?
Reading Critically  Analyzing Descartes on the Mind/Body Problem
3.5 The Self Is Consciousness: Locke 
John Locke, from On Personal Identity 
Thinking Philosophically Applying Locke’s Ideas 
Reading Critically Analyzing Locke on the Conscious Self 
3.6 There Is No Self: Hume 
David Hume, from On Personal Identity 
Reading Critically Analyzing Hume on the Absence of Self 
3.7 We Construct the Self: Kant 
Immanuel Kant, from Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 
Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason 
Thinking Philosophically Sense, Perception, and Your Self 
Reading Critically Analyzing Kant’s Unity of Consciousness 
3.8 The Self Is Multi-Layered:  Freud
Sigmund Freud, from An Outline of Psychoanalysis
Reading Critically Analyzing Freud’s Ideas about Mind
3.9 The Self Is How You Behave:  Ryle
Gilbert Ryle, from The Concept of Mind
Reading Critically Analyzing Ryle’s View of Self as Behavior
3.10 The Self Is the Brain: Materialism 
Churchland, from On Eliminative Materialism 
Reading Critically Analyzing Churchland’s Materialism 
3.11 The Self is Embodied Subjectivity:  Husserl and Merleau-Ponty
Marcel Proust, from In Search of Time Lost
Thinking Philosophically Applying Phenomenology
Marcel Proust, from Within a Budding Grove
3.12 Buddhist Concepts of Self
Milindaphanha, The Simile of the Chariot
Reading Critically Analyzing the Buddhist Chariot Analogy
3.13 Making Connections: In Search of the Self 
Thinking Philosophically What Is Your Concept of the Self? 
Writing About Philosophy Defining the Self 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 4: Are You Free? Freedom and Determinism
4.1 Are You the Master of Your Fate? 
Thinking Philosophically What Are Your Assumptions About Freedom? 
4.2 Determinism 
Baron d’Holbach, from The System of Nature 
Thinking Philosophically Do You Choose Freely? 
Reading Critically Analyzing Baron d’Holbach on the Illusion of Freedom 
4.3 Compatibilism 
External Constraints May Limit Freedom: Stace 
W. T. Stace, from Religion and the Modern Mind
Internal Constraints May Also Limit Freedom: Schlick 
Free Will Is a Human Creation: Dennett 
Reading Critically Evaluating Compatibilism 
4.4 Indeterminism and Libertarianism 
We Live in a World of Possibilities: James 
William James, from The Will to Believe 
Reading Critically Analyzing James on Free Will 
We Create Ourselves Through Our Choices: Sartre 
Jean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism Is a Humanism 
Reading Critically Analyzing Sartre on Freedom, Choice, and Responsibility 
4.5 A Feminist Analysis of Freedom 
Jean Grimshaw, from Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking 
Reading Critically Analyzing Jean Grimshaw on Autonomy 
4.6 Making Connections: Creating a Synthesis 
Overcoming Limitations to Your Freedom 
Confronting External Constraints 
Confronting Internal Constraints 
Thinking Philosophically What Are the Limitations to Your Freedom? 
Writing About Philosophy Understanding Personal Freedom 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 5: How Can We Know the Nature of Reality? Philosophical Foundations
5.1 What Is the Nature of Reality? 
Thinking Philosophically What Is Your Concept of Reality? 
5.2 Reality Is the Eternal Realm of the Forms: Plato 
The Divided Line 
The Theory of Innate Ideas 
Plato, from Meno 
Reading Critically Analyzing Plato’s Theory of Innate Ideas 
The Path to Knowledge of Reality: The Cave Allegory 
Plato, from The Republic 
Reading Critically Analyzing Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 
5.3 Reality Is the Natural World: Aristotle 
Aristotle’s Two Categories: Matter and Form 
Entelechy 
The Four Causes 
Aristotle, from Metaphysics 
Reading Critically Analyzing Aristotle’s Concept of Reality 
5.4 Can Reality Be Known? Descartes 
René Descartes, from Meditations on First Philosophy 
Reading Critically Analyzing Descartes’ Radical Doubt 
5.5 Making Connections: Your Beliefs About the World 
Thinking Philosophically Evaluating the Accuracy of Your Beliefs 
Writing About Philosophy Analyzing Philosophical Themes in a Fictional Work 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 6: What is Real? What is True? Further Explorations
6.1 Questioning Independent Reality 
Bertrand Russell, from Appearance and Reality 
Reading Critically How Do You Know What Is “Real”? 
6.2 All Knowledge Comes from Experience: Locke 
Locke’s Critique of “Universality” 
John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 
Leibniz’s Case Against Locke 
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from New Essays Concerning Human Understanding 
Locke’s Causal Theory of Perception 
John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 
Reading Critically Analyzing Locke’s Empirical View 
6.3 Reality Depends on Perception: Berkeley 
George Berkeley, from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge 
Reading Critically Analyzing Berkeley’s Subjective Idealism 
6.4 Understanding Reality Demands Skepticism: Hume 
David Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 
Reading Critically Analyzing Hume’s Case for Skepticism 
6.5 We Constitute Our World: Kant 
Immanuel Kant, from Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 
Hume’s Challenge to Philosophy 
Kant’s Solution: Transcendental Idealism 
Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason 
Two Realities: Phenomenal and Noumenal 
Reading Critically Analyzing Kant’s Synthesizing Project 
Applying Kant’s Theory 
Three Accounts of the Assassination of Malcolm X 
Reading Critically How Is Knowledge Constructed? 
6.6 Emotions Shape Our Understanding: Jaggar 
Alison M. Jaggar, from Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Epistemology 
Reading Critically Analyzing Jaggar on the Role of Emotions 
6.7 Making Connections: Developing Informed Beliefs 
Thinking Philosophically What Are the Limits of Your Knowledge? 
Writing About Philosophy Constructing Knowledge 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 7: Is there a Spiritual Reality? Exploring the Philosophy of Religion
7.1 Thinking Philosophically About Religious Beliefs 
Thinking Philosophically What Are Your Religious Beliefs? 
7.2 What Is Religion? 
Ways of Defining Religion 
Frederick Streng, from What Is Religion? 
Reading Critically Analyzing Streng on Definitions of Religion 
God Is a Human Projection: Feuerbach 
Ludwig Feuerbach, from The Essence of Christianity 
Reading Critically Analyzing Feuerbach on Religion as Anthropomorphism 
Religion Is Vital Quest: Nishitani 
Keiji Nishitani, from Religion and Nothingness 
Reading Critically Analyzing Nishitani on the Religious Quest 
7.3 A Brief Survey of World Religions 
Hinduism 
Buddhism 
Daoism (Taoism) 
Judaism 
Christianity 
Islam 
Indigenous Sacred Ways 
Thinking Philosophically Expanding Your Religious Understanding 
7.4 Can We Prove the Existence of God? 
The Ontological Argument 
Saint Anselm and Gaunilo, from The Ontological Argument 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Ontological Argument 
The Cosmological Argument 
Saint Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Theologica 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Cosmological Argument 
The Argument from Gradations of Perfection 
The Argument from Design 
William Paley, from Natural Theology 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Argument from Design 
The Argument from Morality 
Immanuel Kant, from Critique of Practical Reason 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Argument from Morality 
7.5 The Problem of Evil 
J.L. Mackie, from Evil and Omnipotence
Reading Critically Analyzing Mackie on the Problem of Evil
John Hick, from Philosophy of Religion 
Reading Critically Analyzing Hick on the Problem of Evil 
Edward H. Madden and Peter H. Hare, A Critique of Hick’s Theodicy
Reading Critically Analyzing Madden and Hare’s Critique of John Hick’s Theodicy
7.6 Faith and Religious Experience 
Religious Faith as a Wager: Pascal 
Blaise Pascal, “A Wager” from Thoughts on Religion 
Reading Critically Analyzing “Pascal’s Wager” 
Religious Beliefs Require Sufficient Evidence: Clifford 
W. K. Clifford, from The Ethics of Belief 
Reading Critically Analyzing Clifford on the Ethics of Belief 
Religious Belief Is Legitimate and Compelling: James 
William James, from The Will to Believe 
Reading Critically Analyzing James on the Will to Believe 
Subjective Knowing: The Leap of Faith 
Søren Kierkegaard, from The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason 
Søren Kierkegaard, from Concluding Unscientific Postscript 
Reading Critically Analyzing Kierkegaard on Faith and Reason 
7.7 Making Connections: Reflections on the Philosophy of Religion 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 8: Are there Moral Truths? Thinking About Ethics
8.1 Your Moral Compass 
Ethics and Values    
Thinking Philosophically What Are Your Moral Values? 
Thinking Critically About Ethics
Thinking Philosophically Making Moral Decisions 
8.2 Ethical Relativism 
Ethical Subjectivism: Each Person Determines What Is Morally Right 
Thinking Philosophically How Subjective Are Your Ethics? 
Cultural Relativism: Each Culture Determines What Is Morally Right 
Ruth Benedict, from Anthropology and the Abnormal 
Thinking Philosophically Cultural Relativism and Your Moral Perspective 
Reading Critically Analyzing Benedict on Culture and Values 
8.3 Ethical Absolutism: Some Moral Values Are Universal 
Thinking Philosophically Do You Believe in Universal Values? 
W. T. Stace, from The Concept of Morals 
Reading Critically Analyzing Stace’s Critique of Ethical Relativism 
8.4 Egoism as a Universal Principle 
Arguments for Egoism 
Plato, from The Republic, “The Myth of Gyges” 
Reading Critically Analyzing “The Myth of Gyges” 
Ayn Rand, from The Virtue of Selfishness 
Reading Critically Analyzing Rand on the Virtue of Selfishness 
Arguments Against Egoism 
James Rachels, from Egoism and Moral Skepticism 
Reading Critically Analyzing Rachels’s Critique of Egoism 
8.5 Religion and Universal Values 
Divine Command Theory 
Thinking Philosophically Religion and Your Ethical Values 
The Story of Abraham and Isaac, from the Bible 
Natural Law Theory 
Thinking Philosophically Do You Believe in Natural Laws? 
Martin Luther King Jr., from Letter from a Birmingham Jail 
Reading Critically Analyzing King on Universal Values 
8.6 Making Connections: On Becoming an Ethical Person 
Robert Coles, from The Disparity Between Intellect and Character 
Thinking Philosophically Can Morality Be Learned in College? 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 9: What are Right Actions? Constructing an Ethical Theory
9.1 Expanding Your Knowledge of Moral Philosophy 
9.2 Character: Virtue Ethics 
Thinking Philosophically What Is Your Moral Character? 
Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics 
Reading Critically Analyzing Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics 
9.3 Maxims: Duty to Moral Laws 
Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals 
Thinking Philosophically The Categorical Imperative and Your Moral Compass 
Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals 
Reading Critically Analyzing Kant on Duty and Reason 
9.4 Consequences: Utilitarianism 
The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number: Bentham
Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 
Thinking Philosophically Applying the Hedonistic Calculus 
Higher Pleasures Have Greater Worth: Mill 
John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism 
Reading Critically Analyzing Utilitarianism 
Consider the Interests of Animals: Singer 
Peter Singer, from Animal Liberation 
Reading Critically Analyzing Singer on Animal Rights 
9.5 Authenticity: Existentialist Ethics 
“The Crowd Is Untruth”: Kierkegaard 
Søren Kierkegaard, from On the Dedication to ‘That Single Individual’ 
Søren Kierkegaard, from The Present Age 
Reading Critically Analyzing Kierkegaard on Authenticity 
Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsche 
Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay Science 
Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil 
Reading Critically Analyzing Nietzsche on Morality 
Authenticity and Ethical Responsibility: Sartre 
Jean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism Is a Humanism 
Reading Critically Analyzing Sartre on Moral Responsibility 
Our Interplay with Others Defines Us: de Beauvoir 
Simone de Beauvoir, from Ethics of Ambiguity 
Reading Critically Analyzing de Beauvoir on Moral Choices 
Courage Is the Highest Value: Camus 
Camus, from The Myth of Sisyphus 
Reading Critically Analyzing the Myth of Sisyphus 
9.6 Empathy: The Ethics of Care 
Nel Noddings, from Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education 
Reading Critically Analyzing Noddings on the Ethics of Care 
9.7 Making Connections: Your Moral Compass Revisited 
Thinking Philosophically Constructing an Ethical Theory 
Writing About Philosophy Analyzing Moral Choices in a Film or Novel 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Chapter 10: What is Social Justice? Creating a Just State
10.1 Elements of a Just Society 
Thinking Philosophically Examining Our Society 
10.2 Classical Theories of Society: Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle 
Society Should Be Based on Virtue: Confucius 
Reading Critically Analyzing Confucius on the Social Order 
Society Should Be Based on Function and Harmony: Plato 
Plato, from The Republic 
Reading Critically Analyzing Plato on Social Harmony 
Society Is the Natural State of Humanity: Aristotle 
Aristotle, from Politics 
Reading Critically Analyzing Aristotle on Community 
10.3 Justice Depends on a Social Contract: From Hobbes and Locke to Rawls 
We Need a Social Contract to Coexist: Hobbes 
Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan 
Reading Critically Analyzing Hobbes on the Social Contract 
The Social Contract Protects Natural Rights: Locke 
John Locke, from The Second Treatise of Civil Government 
Thomas Jefferson et al., from The Declaration of Independence: A Transcription 
Reading Critically Analyzing Locke on Natural Rights 
The State of Nature: Assumptions and Questions 
The State of Nature Is a Conceptual Tool: Rawls 
John Rawls, from A Theory of Justice 
Thinking Philosophically Creating a Just Society 
Reading Critically Analyzing Rawls on Justice and Equality 
10.4 Justice Is Based on Need and Ability: Marx and Engels 
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, from Manifesto of the Communist Party 
Reading Critically Analyzing Marx and Engels on Social Justice 
10.5 Justice Is What Promotes the General Welfare: Mill 
Thinking Philosophically Analyzing Mill’s Concept of Justice 
John Stuart Mill, from On Liberty 
Reading Critically Analyzing Mill on Liberty 
10.6 Justice Is What Promotes Gender Equality: Okin 
Susan Moller Okin, from Justice, Gender, and the Family 
Reading Critically Analyzing Okin on Gender Equality 
10.7 Making Connections: An Ideal Society 
Thinking Philosophically Your Ideal Society 
Writing About Philosophy Your Ideal Society 
visual summary 
chapter review 
for further reading, viewing & research 
 
Credits 
Index 
 

Summary

Students learn to critically think about philosophy.
 
The Philosopher’s Way inspires students to think like a philosopher, helping them become more accomplished critical thinkers and develop the analytical tools needed to think philosophically about important issues.
 
This text features readings from major philosophical texts and commentary to guide students in their understanding of the topics. It is organized by questions central to the main branches of philosophy and examines the ideas of philosophers past and present.
 
A better teaching and learning experience
This program will provide a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. Here’s how:

• Improve Critical Thinking — Critical thinking features challenge students to go beyond their reading and explore the connections philosophy has in their everyday lives.
• Engage Students — Full-color visuals bring topics to life, and writing examples give students a foundation for their own philosophical exploration.

Product details

• Authors: John Chaffee
• Publisher: Pearson Academic
• Languages: English
• Product format: Mixed media product
• Released: 01.01.2012
• EAN: 9780205885886
• ISBN: 978-0-205-88588-6
• No. of pages: 672
• Weight: 1110 g
• Series: Pearson; Pearson
• Subject: Humanities, art, music > Philosophy