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Although research in collaborative learning has a fairly long history, dating back at least to the early work of Piaget and Vygotsky, it is only recently that workers have begun to apply some of its findings to the design of computer based learning systems. The early generation of the!le systems focused on their potential for supporting individual learning: learning could be self paced; teaching could be adapted to individual learners' needs. This was certainly the promise of the later generation of intelligent tutoring systems. However, this promise has yet to be realised. Not only are there still some very difficult research problems to solve in providing adaptive learning systems, but there are also some very real practical constraints on the widespread take up of individualised computer based instruction. Reseachers soon began to realise that the organisational, cultural and social contexts of the classroom have to be taken into account in designing systems to promote effective learning. Much of the work that goes on in classrooms is collaborative, whether by design or not. Teachers also need to be able to adapt the technology to their varying needs. Developments in technology, such as networking, have also contributed to changes in the way in which computers may be envisaged to support learning. In September 1989, a group of researchers met in Maratea, Italy, for a NATO-sponsored workshop on "Computer supported collaborative . learning". A total of 20 researchers from Europe (Belgium.
List of contents
1 Peer Learning with Computers.- Collaborative problem solving with HyperCard: The influence of peer interaction on planning and information handling strategies.- Small group collaborative discovery learning from hypertext.- Peer interaction and writing: The process of revision.- Computer support for the collaborative learning of physics concepts.- The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving.- 2 Computer Support for Distance Learning.- Learning network design: Coordinating group interactions in formal learning environments over time and distance.- Computer-supported collaborative learning in a multi-media distance education environment.- Distance learning and computer-mediated communication: Interactive, quasiinteractive or monologue?.- 3 The Social and Organisational Context.- Educational practice within two local computer networks.- Technology's role in restructuring for collaborative learning.- 4 Models of Collaboration.- The negotiation of dialogue focus: An investigation of dialogue processes in joint planning in a computer based task.- Computational modelling of constructive interaction: Relaxing the mutuality hypothesis.- Designing human-computer collaborative learning.- 5 Design Issues.- Issues in computer supported collaborative learning.- Designing computer support for collaborative learning.
