Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a Released - Flammable Mas

Informationen zum Autor Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 90 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series. Klappentext Complemented by an estimating tool spreadsheet based on a fixed set of chemicals to assist in risk estimations, Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass converts a "best guess" to a calculated value based on available information and current technology. The text documents and explains the science and background of the technology-based approach. The tool, when populated with appropriate data, yields an estimate of the probability that a defined release of a flammable material will ignite if exposed to an ignition source. This information can be used to make risk assessments with a higher degree of confidence than estimates made before and it provides valuable information for use in the development of a facility's Emergency Response Plan. Zusammenfassung Complemented by an estimating tool spreadsheet based on a fixed set of chemicals to assist in risk estimations, Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass converts a "best guess" to a calculated value based on available information and current technology. The text documents and explains the science and background of the technology-based approach. The tool, when populated with appropriate data, yields an estimate of the probability that a defined release of a flammable material will ignite if exposed to an ignition source. This information can be used to make risk assessments with a higher degree of confidence than estimates made before and it provides valuable information for use in the development of a facility's Emergency Response Plan. Inhaltsverzeichnis FORWARD XI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Motivation for this Book 1 1.2.1 A Brief History of Fire Protection 2 1.2.2 The Development of Risk-Based Approaches to Flammables Management 3 1.2.3 Difficulties in Developing Ignition Probability Prediction Methods 4 1.2.4 Missing Variables 5 1.2.5 Summary of Industry Needs and Path Forward 5 1.2.6 Applications for This Book 6 1.2.7 Limitations in Applying the Approaches in This Book 7 1.3 Ignition Probability Overview 8 1.3.1 Theoretical Basis for Ignition 8 1.3.2 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Properties of the Fuel, and Available Surrogates that can be Used for Developing Probability of Ignition Predictions 13 1.3.3 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Release Source 19 1.3.4 Key Ignition Factors Related to the External Environment After the Release 27 1.4 Control of Ignition Sources 30 1.4.1 Ignition Source Management 30 1.4.2 Minimization of Release 33 1.5 Vapor Cloud Explosion Probability Overview 33 1.6 Detonation Overview 35 1.6.1 Detonation Using a Strong Ignition Source 35 1.6.2 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition 35 1.6.3 Buncefield 35 1.7 Other Ignition Topics - Hydrogen 36 1.7.1 Ignition Mechanisms 36 1.7.2 Other Hydrogen Ignition Topics 37 2 ESTIMATION METHODS 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.1.1 Event Tree 39 2.1.2 Failure Frequency Data for Use in Event Trees 41 2.1.3 Quantification of the Event Tree 41 2.2 Factors Influencing the Probability of Immediate Ignition 41 2.2.1 Temperature of Release Relative to the Autoignition Temperature 42 2.2.2 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Material Being Released 42 2.2.3 Pyrophoricity of Release...

List of contents

FORWARD XI
 
1 INTRODUCTION 1
 
1.1 Objectives 1
 
1.2 Motivation for this Book 1
 
1.2.1 A Brief History of Fire Protection 2
 
1.2.2 The Development of Risk-Based Approaches to Flammables Management 3
 
1.2.3 Difficulties in Developing Ignition Probability Prediction Methods 4
 
1.2.4 Missing Variables 5
 
1.2.5 Summary of Industry Needs and Path Forward 5
 
1.2.6 Applications for This Book 6
 
1.2.7 Limitations in Applying the Approaches in This Book 7
 
1.3 Ignition Probability Overview 8
 
1.3.1 Theoretical Basis for Ignition 8
 
1.3.2 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Properties of the Fuel, and Available Surrogates that can be Used for Developing Probability of Ignition Predictions 13
 
1.3.3 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Release Source 19
 
1.3.4 Key Ignition Factors Related to the External Environment After the Release 27
 
1.4 Control of Ignition Sources 30
 
1.4.1 Ignition Source Management 30
 
1.4.2 Minimization of Release 33
 
1.5 Vapor Cloud Explosion Probability Overview 33
 
1.6 Detonation Overview 35
 
1.6.1 Detonation Using a Strong Ignition Source 35
 
1.6.2 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition 35
 
1.6.3 Buncefield 35
 
1.7 Other Ignition Topics - Hydrogen 36
 
1.7.1 Ignition Mechanisms 36
 
1.7.2 Other Hydrogen Ignition Topics 37
 
2 ESTIMATION METHODS 39
 
2.1 Introduction 39
 
2.1.1 Event Tree 39
 
2.1.2 Failure Frequency Data for Use in Event Trees 41
 
2.1.3 Quantification of the Event Tree 41
 
2.2 Factors Influencing the Probability of Immediate Ignition 41
 
2.2.1 Temperature of Release Relative to the Autoignition Temperature 42
 
2.2.2 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Material Being Released 42
 
2.2.3 Pyrophoricity of Released Material 44
 
2.2.4 Pressure/Velocity of Discharge 44
 
2.2.5 Droplet Size 45
 
2.2.6 Presence of Particulates 46
 
2.2.7 Configuration/Orientation of Equipment Near/At the Point of Release 46
 
2.2.8 Temperature of Release (as it relates to its effect on MIE) 46
 
2.2.9 Phase of Release (API RBI) 47
 
2.2.10 Flash Point and Release Rate (TNO) 47
 
2.3 Factors Influencing the Probability of Delayed Ignition 47
 
2.3.1 Strength and Numbers of Ignition Sources 47
 
2.3.2 Duration of Exposure 51
 
2.3.3 Release Rate/Amount 51
 
2.3.4 Material Being Released 53
 
2.3.5 Release Phase/Flash Point/Boiling Point 53
 
2.3.6 Distance from Point of Release to Ignition Source 54
 
2.3.7 Meteorology 54
 
2.3.8 Events Originating Indoors 54
 
2.4 Factors Influencing the Probability of Explosion, Given Delayed Ignition 57
 
2.5 Potential Interdependence of Variables 57
 
2.6 Summary of Variables Used in Each Analysis Level 58
 
2.7 Basic (Level 1) Probability of Ignition Algorithms 59
 
2.7.1 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 59
 
2.7.2 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 60
 
2.8 Level 2 Probability of Ignition Algorithms 61
 
2.8.1 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 61
 
2.8.2 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 62
 
2.9 Advanced (Level 3) Probability of Ignition Algorithms 67
 
2.9.1 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 67
 
2.9.2 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 67
 
2.10 Developing Inputs When Chemical Properties Are Not Available 69
 
2.10.1 Estimating In

Product details

• Authors: CCPS, CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Saf. . ., Ccps (Center For Chemical Process Safety, Ccps (Center for Chemical Process Safety), Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS)
• Assisted by: CCP (Editor), CCPS (Editor), Center for Chemical Process Safety (Ccps (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 08.07.2014
• EAN: 9781118230534
• ISBN: 978-1-118-23053-4
• No. of pages: 272
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry; Social sciences, law, business > Business > Business administration; Chemie, Arbeitssicherheit, Brandschutz, chemistry, Fire protection, Chemical Engineering, chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Allg. Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen, Civil Engineering & Construction, Chemical and Environmental Health and Safety, Arbeitssicherheit u. Umweltschutz i. d. Chemie