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The propagation of waves along and across the boundary between two media with different characteristic velocities is much more complicated when the source is on or near the boundary than when it is far away and the incident waves are plane. Examples of waves generated by localized sources near a boundary are the electromagnetic waves from the currents in a dipole on the surface of the earth and the seismic waves from a slip event in a fault in the earth's crust like the San Andreas fault in California. Both involve a type of surface wave that is called a lateral wave in electro magnetics and a head wave in seismology. Since the two are analogous and the latter is more easily visualized, it is conveniently used here to introduce and describe this important type of surface wave using the data of Y. Ben Zion and P. Malin ("San Andreas Fault Zone Head Waves Near Parkfield, CA," Science 251, 1592-1594, 29 March 1991).
List of contents
1 Historical and Technical Overview of Electromagnetic Surface Waves; Introduction to Lateral Waves.- 2 Electromagnetic Preliminaries.- 3 The Electromagnetic Field of a Unit Vertical Electric Dipole in the Presence of a Plane Boundary.- 4 Applications of the Theory of the Vertical Dipole Near The Boundary Between Two Half-Spaces.- 5 The Electromagnetic Field of a Horizontal Electric Dipole in the Presence of a Plane Boundary.- 6 Interference Patterns; Comparison of Approximate Formulas with General Integrals and Measurements.- 7 Applications of the Theory of the Horizontal Dipole Near the Boundary Between Air and Earth or Sea.- 8 The Measurement of the Conductivity of the Oceanic Lithosphère with a Horizontal Antenna as the Source.- 9 Lateral Waves in a One-Dimensionally Anisotropie Half-Space.- 10 The Propagation of Lateral Electromagnetic Waves in Air over Vertical Discontinuities.- 11 The Horizontally Layered Half-Space.- 12 The Three-Layer Problem for Sediment on the Oceanic Crust.- 13 Exact Formulas for the Lateral Electromagnetic Pulses Generated by Vertical Dipoles.- 14 Approximate Formulas for Lateral Electromagnetic Pulses Generated by Vertical and Horizontal Electric Dipoles.- 15 The Propagation of Signals Along a Three-Layered Region: Open Microstrip.- 16 Antennas in Material Media Near Boundaries: The Bare Metal Dipole.- 17 Antennas in Material Media Near Boundaries: The Terminated Insulated Antenna.- 18 The Wave Antenna.- Appendix A: Tabulation of Integrals.- Appendix B: Evaluation of Integrals with Radicals in the Integrand.- Appendix C: Evaluation of Integrals of Bessel Functions.- Appendix D: Evaluation of Integrals with Products and Quotients of Radicals.- Appendix G: Evaluation of Integrals for the Power in the Air and in the Earth Radiated by aVertical Dipole in the Air above a Dielectric Earth.
