Modern Methods in Crop Protection Research

This handbook and ready reference highlights a couple of basic aspects of recently developed new methods in modern crop protection research, authored by renowned experts from major agrochemical companies.
Organized into four major parts that trace the key phases of the compound development process, the first section addresses compound design, while the second covers newly developed methods for the identification of the mode of action of agrochemical compounds. The third part describes methods used in improving the bioavailability of compounds, and the final section looks at modern methods for risk assessment. As a result, the agrochemical developer will find here a valuable toolbox of advanced methods, complete with first-hand practical advice and copious examples from current industrial practice.

List of contents

PREFACEPART I: Methods for the Design and Optimization of New Active IngredientsHIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING IN AGROCHEMICAL RESEARCHIntroduction Target-Based High-Throughput ScreeningOther Screening Approaches In Vivo High-Throughput Screening Conclusions COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Introduction Research Strategies Ligand-Based Approaches Structure-Based Approaches Estimation of Adverse Effects In-Silico Toxicology Programs and Databases Conclusion QUANTUM CHEMICAL METHODS IN THE DESIGN OF AGROCHEMICALS Introduction Computational Quantum Chemistry: Basics, Challenges, and New Developments Minimum Energy Structures and Potential Energy SurfacesPhysico-Chemical PropertiesQuantitative Structure-Activity Relationships Outlook THE UNIQUE ROLE OF HALOGEN SUBSTITUENTS IN THE DESIGN OF MODERN CROP PROTECTION COMPOUNDS Introduction The Halogen Substituent Effect Insecticides and Acaricides Containing Halogens Fungicides Containing Halogens Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) Containing Halogens Herbicides Containing Halogens Summary and Outlook PART II: New Methods to Identify the Mode of Action of Active Ingredients RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAI) FOR FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS STUDIES AND AS A TOOL FOR CROP PROTECTION Introduction RNA Silencing Pathways RNAi as a Tool for Functional Genomics in Plants RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Resistance against Fungi and Oomycetes RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Insect Resistance RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Nematodes Resistance RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Virus Resistance RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Bacteria Resistance RNAi as a Tool for Engineering Parasitic Weed Resistance RNAi Safety in Crop Plants Summary and Outlook FAST IDENTIFICATION OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF HERBICIDES BY DNA CHIPS Introduction Gene Expression Profiling: A Method to Measure Changes of the Complete Transcriptome Classification of the Mode of Action of an Herbicide Identification of Prodrugs by Gene Expression Profiling Analyzing the Affected Metabolic Pathways Gene Expression Profiling: Part of a Toolbox for Mode of Action Determination MODERN APPROACHES FOR ELUCIDATING THE MODE OF ACTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR INSECTICIDES Introduction Biochemical and Electrophysiological Approaches Fluorescence-Based Approaches for Mode of Action Elucidation Genomic Approaches for Target Site Elucidation Conclusion NEW TARGETS FOR FUNGICIDES Introduction: Current Fungicide Targets A Retrospective Look at the Discovery of Targets for Fungicides New Sources for New Fungicide Targets in the Future? Methods to Identify a Novel Target for a Given Compound Methods of Identifying Novel Targets without Pre-Existing Inhibitors Non-Protein Targets Resistance Inducers Beneficial Side Effects of Commercial Fungicides Concluding Remarks PART III: New Methods to Improve the Bioavailability of Active Ingredients NEW FORMULATION DEVELOPMENTS Introduction Drivers for Formulation Type Decisions Description of Formulation Types, Their Properties, and Problems during Development Bioavailability Optimization Conclusions and Outlook POLYMORPHISM AND THE ORGANIC SOLID STATE: INFLUENCE ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF AGROCHEMICALS Introduction Theoretical Principles of PolymorphismAnalytical Characterization of Polymorphs Patentability of Polymorphs Summary and Outlook THE DETERMINATION OF ABRAHAM DESCRIPTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CROP PROTECTION RESEARCH Introduction Definition of Abraham Descriptors Determination of Abraham Descriptors: General Approach Determination of Abraham Descriptors: Physical Properties Determination of Abraham Descriptors: ExamplesApplication of Abraham Descriptors: Descriptor Profiles Application of Abraham Descriptors: LFER Analysis Application of Abraham Descriptors: Generality of Approach PART IV: Modern Methods for Risk Assessment ECOLOGICAL MODELING IN PESTICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT: CHANCES AND CHALLENGESIntroduction Ecological Models in the Regulatory Environment An Overview of Model Approaches Regulatory Challenges THE USE OF METABOLOMICS IN VIVO FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS Introduction to Metabolomics MetaMap¿Tox Data Base Evaluation of Metabolome Data Use of Metabolome Data for Development of AgrochemicalsDiscussion Concluding Remarks SAFETY EVALUATION OF NEW PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: ENQUIRY-LED APPROACH TO DATA GENERATION Background What Is the Purpose of Mammalian Toxicity Studies? Addressing the Knowledge Needs of Risk Assessors Opportunities for Generating Data of Direct Relevance to Human Health Risk Assessment within the Existing Testing Paradigm Enquiry-Led Data Generation Strategies ConclusionsENDOCRINE DISRUPTION: DEFINITION AND SCREENING ASPECTS IN THE LIGHT OF THE EUROPEAN CROP PROTECTION LAW Introduction Endocrine Disruption: Definitions Current Regulatory Situation in the EU US EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program and OECD Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals ECETOC Approach Methods to Assess Endocrine Modes of Action and Endocrine-Related Adverse Effects in Screening and Regulatory Contexts Proposal for Decision Criteria for EDCs: Regulatory Agencies INDEX

About the author

Wolfgang Krämer gained his PhD in organic chemistry from the TU Stuttgart (Germany) in 1968, before moving to Bayer Plant Protection as lab leader in plant protection research in 1970. Between 1984 and 1990 he was Head of Global Chemistry Fungicides, and Head of Insecticides thereafter. Dr. Krämer has over 250 patent applications and publications to his name.

Ulrich Schirmer gained his PhD in organic chemistry from Stuttgart University (Germany) in 1973, and subsequently carried out his postdoc at Paris-Orsay (France). He joined BASF in 1974, eventually becoming Senior Vice President responsible for plant protection research for chemical synthesis, process development and biological R&D.

Summary

This handbook and ready reference highlights a couple of basic aspects of recently developed new methods in modern crop protection research, authored by renowned experts from major agrochemical companies. Organized into four major parts that trace the key phases of the compound development process, the first section addresses compound design, while the second covers newly developed methods for the identification of the mode of action of agrochemical compounds. The third part describes methods used in improving the bioavailability of compounds, and the final section looks at modern methods for risk assessment. As a result, the agrochemical developer will find here a valuable toolbox of advanced methods, complete with first-hand practical advice and copious examples from current industrial practice.

Product details

• Authors: Peter Jeschke, Wolfgang Krämer, Ulrich Schirmer, Matthias Witschel
• Assisted by: Peter Jeschke (Editor), Wolfgan Krämer (Editor), Wolfgang Krämer (Editor), Ulrich Schirmer (Editor), Ulrich Schirmer et al (Editor), Matthias Witschel (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 01.10.2012
• EAN: 9783527331758
• ISBN: 978-3-527-33175-8
• No. of pages: 420
• Dimensions: 170 mm x 240 mm x 170 mm
• Weight: 980 g
• Illustrations: 120 SW-Abb., 16 Farbabb., 80 Tabellen
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry; Chemie, Life Sciences, Biowissenschaften, Pflanzenschutzmittel, chemistry, Naturstoff, Natural Products, Naturstoffchemie, Agrochemikalien, Agrochemicals, Botanik / Zellbiologie, Plant Cell Biology, Agrochemikalie