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Informationen zum Autor PRADEEP K. SINHA, PhD, is the Senior Director (High Performance Computing) at the Centre for Develop- ment of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), India, and coordinator and mentor to several high-technology R&D groups there. GAUR SUNDER heads research and development at Medical Informatics Group (MIG) at C-DAC, India, and is a member of the eHealth Committee of the Bureau of Indian Standards and the National EHR Standards Committee of the Union Health Ministry of India. PRASHANT BENDALE is involved in the research and development of the distribution and integration model for building EHR stores at C-DAC. MANISHA D. MANTRI is involved in the research and development of an evolving EHR model, compliance to eHealth standards, and security policies for EHR systems at C-DAC. ATREYA C. DANDE is involved in the research and development of EHR standards, national EHR frameworks, distributed technologies, and optimal search algorithms in healthcare at C-DAC. Klappentext Discover How Electronic Health Records Are Built to Drive the Next Generation of Healthcare DeliveryThe increased role of IT in the healthcare sector has led to the coining of a new phrase "health informatics," which deals with the use of IT for better healthcare services. Health informatics applications often involve maintaining the health records of individuals, in digital form, which is referred to as an Electronic Health Record (EHR). Building and implementing an EHR infrastructure requires an understanding of healthcare standards, coding systems, and frameworks. This book provides an overview of different health informatics resources and artifacts that underlie the design and development of interoperable healthcare systems and applications.Electronic Health Record: Standards, Coding Systems, Frameworks, and Infrastructures compiles, for the first time, study and analysis results that EHR professionals previously had to gather from multiple sources. It benefits readers by giving them an understanding of what roles a particular healthcare standard, code, or framework plays in EHR design and overall IT-enabled healthcare services along with the issues involved.This book on Electronic Health Record:* Offers the most comprehensive coverage of available EHR Standards including ISO, European Union Standards, and national initiatives by Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, and many others* Provides assessment of existing standards* Includes a glossary of frequently used terms in the area of EHR* Contains numerous diagrams and illustrations to facilitate comprehension* Discusses security and reliability of data Zusammenfassung With the EHR (Electronic Health Record) being central to most health informatics applications, several countries have initiated programs for implementing national EHR infrastructures. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface XVII Acronyms XXVII PART ONE Introduction 1 Introduction to EHR 3 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 Definition of EHR, 4 1.3 Functions of EHR, 5 1.4 Significance of EHR, 6 1.5 Factors Affecting Implementation of EHR, 7 1.6 Role of Standards, 8 1.7 Role of Clinical Coding Systems, 9 1.8 Role of Standard Frameworks, 9 1.9 Case Studies of National EHR Implementations, 10 PART TWO EHR Standards 2 Standard for EHR Architecture Requirements 15 2.1 Introduction, 15 2.2 ISO/TS 18308 Requirement Specification, 16 2.2.1 Content Structure Model, 16 2.2.2 Inclusion of Clinical and Record Processes, 17 2.2.3 Content Exchange, 17 2.2.4 Privacy and Security, 17 2.2.5 Legal Considerations, 17 2.2.6 Ethical, Consumer/Cultural Aspects, 18 2.2.7 Future-proof Framework, 18 2.3 Discussion, 18 2.4 Conclusion, 20 3 Standard for He...
List of contents
Preface XVII
Acronyms XXVII
PART ONE Introduction
1 Introduction to EHR 3
1.1 Introduction, 3
1.2 Definition of EHR, 4
1.3 Functions of EHR, 5
1.4 Significance of EHR, 6
1.5 Factors Affecting Implementation of EHR, 7
1.6 Role of Standards, 8
1.7 Role of Clinical Coding Systems, 9
1.8 Role of Standard Frameworks, 9
1.9 Case Studies of National EHR Implementations, 10
PART TWO EHR Standards
2 Standard for EHR Architecture Requirements 15
2.1 Introduction, 15
2.2 ISO/TS 18308 Requirement Specification, 16
2.3 Discussion, 18
2.4 Conclusion, 20
3 Standard for Healthcare Concepts 23
3.1 Introduction, 23
3.2 CEN/TC EN 13940-1, 24
3.3 CEN/TC prEN 13940-2, 28
3.4 Discussion, 30
3.5 Conclusion, 32
4 Standard for EHR Functional Specifications 33
4.1 Introduction, 33
4.2 HL7 EHR-S Functional Model, 34
4.3 Comparison of HL7 EHR-S FM and ISO/TS 18308, 38
4.4 Discussion, 39
4.5 Conclusion, 40
5 Standard for EHR Communication 43
5.1 Introduction, 43
5.2 CEN/ISO EN 13606 Requirement Specification, 45
5.3 Discussion, 51
5.4 Conclusion, 53
6 Messaging Standard for Healthcare Data 57
6.1 Introduction, 57
6.2 HL7 v2.x, 58
6.3 Discussion, 64
6.4 Conclusion, 67
7 Model-Based Messaging Standard for Healthcare Data 69
7.1 Introduction, 69
7.2 HL7 v3, 69
7.3 HL7 v2.x and v3 Comparison, 75
7.4 Discussion, 75
7.5 Conclusion, 77
8 Clinical Document Standards 81
8.1 Introduction, 81
8.2 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), 82
8.3 Continuity of Care Document (CCD), 85
8.4 Clinical Document Exchange, 87
8.5 Discussion, 87
8.6 Conclusion, 89
9 Standard for Medical Imaging and Communication 93
9.1 Introduction, 93
9.2 DICOM, 94
9.3 Improvements in DICOM Standard, 96
9.4 Discussion, 96
9.5 Conclusion, 100
10 Standard for Patient Health Summary 103
10.1 Introduction, 103
10.2 Continuity of Care Record (CCR), 103
10.3 Discussion, 107
10.4 Conclusion, 108
PART THREE Coding Systems
11 Coding System for Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 113
11.1 Introduction, 113
11.2 ICD, 114
11.3 Improvements in ICD-10, 114
11.4 Discussion, 116
11.5 Conclusion, 116
12 Coding System for Laboratory Tests and Observations 119
12.1 Introduction, 119
12.2 LOINC, 120
12.3 Discussion, 122
12.4 Conclusion, 123
13 Coding System for Patient Care Procedures 125
13.1 Introduction, 125
13.2 CPT, 126
13.3 Discussion, 129
13.4 Conclusion, 130
14 Extended Coding System for Patient Care Procedures 131
14.1 Introduction, 131
14.2 HCPCS, 132
14.3 Discussion, 134
14.4 Conclusion, 134
15 Comprehensive Coding System for Clinical Terms 137
15.1 Introduction, 137
15.2 SNOMED CT, 138
15.3 SNOMED CT Database Browsers, 141
15.4 Discussion, 141
15.5 Conclusion, 142
16 Unified Medical Language System 145
16.1 Introduction, 145
16.2 UMLS-Supported Coding Systems, 146
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