Pipe Flow - A Practical and Comprehensive Guide - A Practical and Comprehensive Guide

Informationen zum Autor Donald C. Rennels has been working in the Nuclear Energy Division of GE since 1971. His work has included developing network flow models of reactor vessel internals and various nuclear steam supply systems as well as preparing technical design procedures. In his time at GE, he has won six General Manager Awards. Hobart M. Hudson has been working in the Test Division of Aerojet since 1977. As a senior engineering specialist, he performed analyses of existing rocket test equipment and designed new equipment. As a mechanical engineering consultant, he has worked on various rocket test system designs and analyses, including the Mars Lander Engine. Klappentext Presents the information needed to design and analyze piping systemsWith its detailed coverage of pressure drop and other phenomena related to fluid flow within pipes, Pipe Flow enables readers to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components.Pipe Flow draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research on fluid flow in piping and its components, including important loss coefficient data gathered from various flow configurations. The book is divided into three parts:* Part I sets forth the essential methodology required to solve pipe flow problems. It begins with a discussion of the fundamental physical properties of fluids and the nature of fluid flow and ends with a method to assess the uncertainty associated with pipe flow calculations.* Part II presents consistent and reliable loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated, and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are presented in straightforward tables and diagrams.* Part III examines flow phenomena that affect the performance of piping systems, including cavitation and flow-induced vibration.Sample problems and their solutions are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable readers to explore all the topics in greater depth.With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems. Pipe Flow employs the English system of units as well as the International System (or SI). Zusammenfassung Pipe Flow provides the information required to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components.The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research, including important loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are also presented in straightforward tables and diagrams.Sample problems and their solution are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the readers to explore all the topics in greater depth.With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems. The book employs the English gravitational system as well as the Inte...

List of contents

PREFACE xvNOMENCLATURE xviiAbbreviation and Definition xixPART I METHODOLOGY 1Prologue 11 FUNDAMENTALS 31.1 Systems of Units 31.2 Fluid Properties 41.2.1 Pressure 41.2.2 Density 51.2.3 Velocity 51.2.4 Energy 51.2.5 Viscosity 51.2.6 Temperature 51.2.7 Heat 61.3 Important Dimensionless Ratios 61.3.1 Reynolds Number 61.3.2 Relative Roughness 61.3.3 Loss Coeffi cient 71.3.4 Mach Number 71.3.5 Froude Number 71.3.6 Reduced Pressure 71.3.7 Reduced Temperature 71.4 Equations of State 71.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids 71.4.2 Equation of State of Gases 81.5 Fluid Velocity 81.6 Flow Regimes 8References 12Further Reading 122 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS 132.1 Conservation of Mass 132.2 Conservation of Momentum 132.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 142.4 Conservation of Energy 162.4.1 Potential Energy 162.4.2 Pressure Energy 172.4.3 Kinetic Energy 172.4.4 Heat Energy 172.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 182.5 General Energy Equation 182.6 Head Loss 182.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 192.8 Conventional Head Loss 202.9 Grade Lines 20References 21Further Reading 213 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 233.1 Conventional Head Loss 233.2 Sources of Head Loss 233.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 243.2.2 Induced Turbulence 283.2.3 Summing Loss Coeffi cients 29References 29Further Reading 304 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 314.1 Problem Solution Methods 314.2 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations 324.2.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 324.2.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 334.2.3 Using Expansion Factors 344.3 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 374.3.1 Using Mach Number as a Parameter 374.3.2 Using Static Pressure and Temperature as Parameters 414.4 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 424.5 Example Problem: Compressible Flow through Pipe 43References 47Further Reading 475 NETWORK ANALYSIS 495.1 Coupling Effects 495.2 Series Flow 505.3 Parallel Flow 505.4 Branching Flow 515.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 515.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 525.5.2 Input Parameters 525.5.3 Initial Calculations 535.5.4 Network Equations 535.5.5 Solution 545.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 545.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 555.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 58References 60Further Reading 606 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS 616.1 Methodology 616.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 626.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel 626.2.2 Spherical Vessel 636.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 646.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 656.3.1 No Heat Transfer 656.3.2 Heat Transfer 666.4 Example Problem: Time-Step Integration 676.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain Problem 676.4.2 Direct Solution 676.4.3 Time-Step Solution 67References 68Further Reading 687 UNCERTAINTY 697.1 Error Sources 697.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 697.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 717.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 717.4.1 Input Data 717.4.2 Solution 727.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 727.5.1 Input Data 727.5.2 Solution 73PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS 75Prologue 758 SURFACE FRICTION 778.1 Friction Factor 778.1.1 Laminar Flow Region 778.1.2 Critical Zone 778.1.3 Turbulent Flow Region 788.2 The Colebrook-White Equation 788.3 The Moody Chart 798.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 798.4.1 Moody's Approximate Formula 798.4.2 Wood's Approximate Formula 798.4.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 798.4.4 Chen's Formula 798.4.5 Shacham's Formula 808.4.6 Barr's Formula 808.4.7 Haaland's Formulas 808.4.8 Manadilli's Formula 808.4.9 Romeo's Formula 808.4.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook-White Equation 808.5 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 818.5.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula 818.5.2 Modifi cations to Churchill's 1977 Formula 818.6 Surface Roughness 828.6.1 New, Clean Pipe 828.6.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 828.6.3 Inherent Margin 848.6.4 Loss of Flow Area 848.6.5 Machined Surfaces 848.7 Noncircular Passages 85References 87Further Reading 879 ENTRANCES 899.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 899.1.1 Flush Mounted 899.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 909.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 909.2 Rounded Entrance 919.3 Beveled Entrance 919.4 Entrance through an Orifice 929.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 929.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 939.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 939.4.4 Beveled Orifice 93References 99Further Reading 9910 CONTRACTIONS 10110.1 Flow Model 10110.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 10210.3 Rounded Contraction 10310.4 Conical Contraction 10410.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 10510.4.2 Local Loss 10510.5 Beveled Contraction 10610.6 Smooth Contraction 10710.7 Pipe Reducer: Contracting 107References 112Further Reading 11211 EXPANSIONS 11311.1 Sudden Expansion 11311.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 11411.3 Multistage Conical Diffusers 11711.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 11711.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 11811.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 12011.5 Pipe Reducer: Expanding 121References 128Further Reading 12812 EXITS 13112.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 13112.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 13212.3 Discharge from an Orifi ce 13212.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 13212.3.2 Round-Edged Orifi ce 13312.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifi ce 13312.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifi ce 13312.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 13413 ORIFICES 13913.1 Generalized Flow Model 13913.2 Sharp-Edged Orifi ce 14013.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 14013.2.2 In a Transition Section 14113.2.3 In a Wall 14113.3 Round-Edged Orifi ce 14213.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 14313.3.2 In a Transition Section 14313.3.3 In a Wall 14413.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 14513.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 14513.4.2 In a Transition Section 14513.4.3 In a Wall 14613.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 14613.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 14613.5.2 In a Transition Section 14813.5.3 In a Wall 14813.6 Multihole Orifices 14913.7 Noncircular Orifices 149References 154Further Reading 15414 FLOW METERS 15714.1 Flow Nozzle 15714.2 Venturi Tube 15814.3 Nozzle/Venturi 159References 161Further Reading 16115 BENDS 16315.1 Elbows and Pipe Bends 16315.2 Coils 16615.2.1 Constant Pitch Helix 16715.2.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 16715.3 Miter Bends 16815.4 Coupled Bends 16915.5 Bend Economy 169References 174Further Reading 17416 TEES 17716.1 Diverging Tees 17816.1.1 Flow through Run 17816.1.2 Flow through Branch 17916.1.3 Flow from Branch 18216.2 Converging Tees 18216.2.1 Flow through Run 18216.2.2 Flow through Branch 18416.2.3 Flow into Branch 185References 200Further Reading 20017 PIPE JOINTS 20117.1 Weld Protrusion 20117.2 Backing Rings 20217.3 Misalignment 20317.3.1 Misaligned Pipe Joint 20317.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 20318 VALVES 20518.1 Multiturn Valves 20518.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 20518.1.2 Gate Valve 20618.1.3 Globe Valve 20618.1.4 Pinch Valve 20718.1.5 Needle Valve 20718.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 20718.2.1 Ball Valve 20818.2.2 Butterfl y Valve 20818.2.3 Plug Valve 20818.3 Self-Actuated Valves 20918.3.1 Check Valve 20918.3.2 Relief Valve 21018.4 Control Valves 21018.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 211References 211Further Reading 21219 THREADED FITTINGS 21319.1 Reducers: Contracting 21319.2 Reducers: Expanding 21319.3 Elbows 21419.4 Tees 21419.5 Couplings 21419.6 Valves 215Reference 215PART III FLOW PHENOMENA 217Prologue 21720 CAVITATION 21920.1 The Nature of Cavitation 21920.2 Pipeline Design 22020.3 Net Positive Suction Head 22020.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump 22120.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 22220.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 222Reference 224Further Reading 22421 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION 22521.1 Steady Internal Flow 22521.2 Steady External Flow 22521.3 Water Hammer 22621.4 Column Separation 227References 228Further Reading 22822 TEMPERATURE RISE 23122.1 Reactor Heat Balance 23222.2 Vessel Heat Up 23222.3 Pumping System Temperature 232References 23323 FLOW TO RUN FULL 23523.1 Open Flow 23523.2 Full Flow 23723.3 Submerged Flow 23723.4 Reactor Application 239Further Reading 240APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 1 ATMOSPHERE 241APPENDIX B PIPE SIZE DATA 245B.1 Commercial Pipe Data 246APPENDIX C PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSIONS 253C.1 Important Physical Constants 253C.2 Unit Conversions 254APPENDIX D COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR EQUATIONS 263D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation 263D.2 The Lee-Kesler Equation 264D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 266APPENDIX E ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH FRICTION, USING MACH NUMBER AS A PARAMETER 269E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 269E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 272E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 273References 274APPENDIX F VELOCITY PROFILE EQUATIONS 275F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 275F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 277References 278INDEX 279

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"This book should be valuable as a text for engineeringstudents and as a reference for engineers who design, operate, andtroubleshoot piping systems." ( Chemical EngineeringProgress , 1 August 2012)

Product details

• Authors: Hudson, Hobart M Hudson, Hobart M. Hudson, Rennels, DC Rennels, Donald Rennels, Donald C Rennels, Donald C. Rennels, Donald C. Hudson Rennels, Donald C./ Hudson Rennels, RENNELS DONALD C HUDSON HOBART
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 08.06.2012
• EAN: 9780470901021
• ISBN: 978-0-470-90102-1
• No. of pages: 320
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry; Maschinenbau, Energietechnik, Energie, ENERGY, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Allg. Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Power Technology & Power Engineering, Allg. Maschinenbau