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Informationen zum Autor DEBRA WETCHER-HENDRICKS, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Sociology Department at Moravian College. She has published several journal articles in her areas of research interest, which include quantitative data analysis, interpersonal communications, and gender relations. Klappentext A user-friendly, hands-on guide to recognizing and conducting proper research techniques in data collectionOffering a unique approach to numerical research methods, Analyzing Quantitative Data: An Introduction for Social Researchers presents readers with the necessary statistical applications for carrying out the key phases of conducting and evaluating a research project. The book guides readers through the steps of data analysis, from organizing raw data to utilizing descriptive statistics and tests of significance, drawing valid conclusions, and writing research reports. The author successfully provides a presentation that is accessible and hands-on rather than heavily theoretical, outlining the key quantitative processes and the use of software to successfully draw valid conclusions from gathered data.In its discussion of methods for organizing data, the book includes suggestions for coding and entry into spreadsheets or databases while also introducing commonly used descriptive statistics and clarifying their roles in data analysis. Next, inferential statistics is explored in-depth with explanations of and instructions for performing chi-square tests, t-tests, analyses of variance, correlation and regression analyses, and a number of advanced statistical procedures. Each chapter contains explanations of when to use the tests described, relevant formulas, and sample computations. The book concludes with guidance on extracting meaningful conclusions from statistical tests and writing research reports that describe procedures and analyses.Throughout the book, Statistical Resources for SPSS(r) sections provide fundamental instruction for using SPSS(r) to obtain the results presented. Where necessary, the author provides basic theoretical explanations for distributions and background information regarding formulas. Each chapter concludes with practice problems, and a related website features derivations of the book's formulas along with additional resources for performing the discussed processes.Analyzing Quantitative Data is an excellent book for social sciences courses on data analysis and research methods at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It also serves as a valuable reference for applied statisticians and practitioners working in the fields of education, medicine, business and public service who analyze, interpret, and evaluate data in their daily work. Zusammenfassung Both an easy-to-use text and a quick reference guide, Analyzing Quantitative Data: An Introduction for Social Researchers offers a unique approach to quantitative research methods. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xiiiPart I. Summarizing Data 11. Data Organization 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Consideration of Variables 41.3 Coding 151.4 Data Manipulations 181.5 Conclusion 202. Descriptive Statistics for Categorical Data 332.1 Introduction 332.2 Frequency Tables 352.3 Crosstabulations 372.4 Graphs and Charts 452.5 Conclusion 503. Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Data 633.1 Introduction 633.2 Frequencies 643.3 Measures of Central Tendency 703.4 Measures of Dispersion 733.5 Standardized Scores 793.6 Conclusion 88Part II. Statistical Tests 1014. Evaluating Statistical Significance 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Central Limit Theorem 1044.3 Statistical Significance 1074.4 The Roles of Hypotheses 1154.5 Conclusion 1195. The Chi-Square Test: Comparing Category Frequencies 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 The Chi-Square Distribution 1265.3 Performing Chi-Square Tests 1305.4 Post Hoc Testing 1435.5 Confidence Intervals 1465.6 Explaining Results of the...
List of contents
Preface xiii
Part I. Summarizing Data 1
1. Data Organization 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Consideration of Variables 4
1.3 Coding 15
1.4 Data Manipulations 18
1.5 Conclusion 20
2. Descriptive Statistics for Categorical Data 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Frequency Tables 35
2.3 Crosstabulations 37
2.4 Graphs and Charts 45
2.5 Conclusion 50
3. Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Data 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Frequencies 64
3.3 Measures of Central Tendency 70
3.4 Measures of Dispersion 73
3.5 Standardized Scores 79
3.6 Conclusion 88
Part II. Statistical Tests 101
4. Evaluating Statistical Significance 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Central Limit Theorem 104
4.3 Statistical Significance 107
4.4 The Roles of Hypotheses 115
4.5 Conclusion 119
5. The Chi-Square Test: Comparing Category Frequencies 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 The Chi-Square Distribution 126
5.3 Performing Chi-Square Tests 130
5.4 Post Hoc Testing 143
5.5 Confidence Intervals 146
5.6 Explaining Results of the Chi-Square Test 147
5.7 Conclusion 148
6. The t-Test Comparing Continuous-Variable Data Among Dichotomous Groups 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 The t Distribution 160
6.3 Performing t Tests 161
6.4 Confidence Intervals 172
6.5 Explaining Results of the t Test 173
6.6 Conclusion 174
7. Analysis of Variance: Comparing Continuous-Variable Data Among Nondichotomous Groups 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 The F Distribution 189
7.3 Performing ANOVAs 192
7.4 Post Hoc Testing 214
7.5 Confidence Intervals 217
7.6 Explaining Results of the ANOVA 218
7.7 Conclusion 219
8. Correlation and Regression: Comparing Changes Among Continuous-Variable Scores 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Bivariate Relationships 233
8.3 Multivariate Relationships 244
8.4 The Phi Coefficient 253
8.5 Explaining Results of Correlation-Regression Analysis 255
8.6 Conclusion 258
9. Advanced Statistical Analyses 273
9.1 Introduction 273
9.2 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 274
9.3 Multiple Analysis of Variance 278
9.4 Analysis of Covariance 283
9.5 Discriminant Analysis 286
9.6 Conclusion 290
Part III. Applying Data 303
10. Drawing Conclusions 305
10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 Accepting and Rejecting Hypotheses 306
10.3 Drawing Conclusions from Results 310
10.4 Cautions 315
10.5 Conclusion 323
11. Writing Research Reports 327
11.1 Introduction 327
11.2 Tone 328
11.3 Sections of the Research Report 334
11.4. Conclusion 348
Appendixes 353
Appendix A. Z-Score Table 355
Appendix B. Table for Critical X2 Values 357
Appendix C. Table for Critical t Values 359
Appendix D. Table for Critical F Values 361
References 369
Answers to Review Questions 371
Index 391
