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Public controversies - such as those about the distribution of goods between rich and poor, trade and population policies, allocation of medical resources, and the tradeoff between environment al protection and economic efficiency - often hinge on fundamental views about how we ought to make decisions tImt affect each other, that is, what principles we ought to follow. Efforts to find an acceptable public philosophy, a set of such principles on which people might agree, have foundered because of dis agreement among philosophers and others who are concerned with such issues. One view, which I shall develop and defend here, holds that decisions that affect others should be made according to an overall evaluation of the consequences of each option. This consequentialist view is opposed by a variety of alternatives, but many of the alternatives have in COlllmon a basis in moral intuition. To take a simple example, consequentialism holds that, other things equal, if we have decided that it is better to let a terminally ill patient die than to prolong her agony by keeping her alive, then we ought to kill her.
List of contents
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Utilitarianism.- 1.2 Prospectus.- 1.3 Critical vs. intuitive.- 2 Morality and decision making.- 2.1 The argument for consequentialism, restated.- 3 The nature of goals.- 3.1 Types of goals.- 3.2 Sadistic goals.- 3.3 Erroneous subgoals.- 3.4 Goals and preferences.- 3.5 What goals?.- 3.6 Conclusion.- 4 Expected utility theory.- 4.1 Criticisms of expected-utility.- 4.2 The independence principle.- 4.3 Regret.- 4.4 Transitivity.- 4.5 Ambiguity.- 4.6 Summary.- 4.7 Appendix: Utility measurement.- 5 Decisions for others.- 5.1 Interpersonal comparison.- 6 Self-other conflict.- 6.1 Normative theories of social dilemmas.- 6.2 Weighted utilitarianism.- 6.3 The effect of time.- 6.4 Conclusion.- 7 Acts and omissions.- 7.1 The main argument.- 7.2 Why people make the distinction.- 7.3 Prescriptive implications.- 7.4 Conclusion.- 8 Utilitarian education.- 8.1 Implications for moral education.- 8.2 Potential advantages: Bad intuitions.- 8.3 The potential dangers of critical thinking.- 8.4 The content of moral education.- 8.5 The nature of virtue.- 8.6 The virtues of citizenship.- 8.7 Conclusion.- 9 Decision analysis and public policy.- 9.1 Issues in decision analysis.- 9.2 The value of life.- 9.3 Conclusion.- 10 Equity hi social policy and liability.- 10.1 Distribution.- 10.2 Liability: deterrence and compensation.- 10.3 Nonpecuniary damages.- 11 The risk analysis debate.- 11.1 Voluntary vs. involuntary.- 11.2 Natural vs. unnatural.- 11.3 Catastrophic vs. gradual.- 11.4 Ambiguous risks.- 11.5 Equity in risk distribution.- 11.6 Ex post vs. ex ante equity.- 12 Social decisions.- 12.1 The classification.- 12.2 An example.- 12.3 Rights and duties.- 12.4 Advantages and disadvantages.- 12.5 Virtues and vices.- 12.6 Conclusion.- References.
