Ulteriori informazioni
Like all limited and vulnerable resources, water has become one of the potential targets of terrorists. Coastal lagoons are especially vulnerable as they are densely populated centers of commerce and/or tourism. This volume addresses the basic scientific concepts that must be integrated by decisionmakers to minimize damages and optimize recovery operations in the aftermath of such an attack. Scientists from many disciplines including water resource management, hydrodynamics, aquatic ecology and social science combine their expertise in an effort to assess and model emergency scenarios for coastal lagoon systems. This case study uses existing numerical models such as-EFCD, WASP and AQUATOX are used to demonstrate how to optimize rapid response and decision-making
Sommario
Contents.Preface. Acknowledgements.1.Introduction..- 2. Decision-Making in Rapid Assessment and Diagnosis CBRN Effects on Coastal Lagoons.- Introduction. Decision-making in Rapid Assessment and Response. . Inventory information, processes, and infrastructures.Decision-making tools. Modeling.Graphical user interfaces.Monitoring.Indicators.Assessment tools.. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ES!).Social Impact Assessment (SIA).. Environmental Assessment (EA).SEA Toolkit. Decision-making approach (model).Classical rational decision making model.Organizational process model.Bureaucratic politic model.Decision-making process for rapid assessment. Development and implementation of a response plan (RP).Steps in the response planning process.Roles and responsibilities.Case Studies. Preparation of a Continuity of Operations Plan. Conclusion. References.3. Physical Processes and Modeling. Physical Processes in Lagoons.- Introduction.External Conditions - Part I. System of coordinates: the rotating Earth.Main external forcing.Gravity.Tides. Buoyancy. Winds.. Atmospheric gyres. Local winds.Radiation.Solar Radiation.Water properties.Structure of water molecule.Water density. Internal Structure and Water Dynamics - Part II. Stratification.Seasonal cycle of water stratification.Wind-induced motions.Water exchange with the sea, tides, river inflows.Gravity currents.Coupling physics and other rocesses.Conclusions.Important conclusions of External Conditions.Important conclusions of Internal Structure and Water Dynamics.Concluding remarks. References. Hydrodynamic Equations.- Introduction.The Eulerian and the Lagrangian view.Conservation Laws.Conservation of mass. Conservation of momentum. The Euler equations.The Euler equations in a rotating frame of reference. The Navier-Stokes equations. Conservation of energy.Conservation of salt. Equation of state. Simplifications and Scale Analysis. Incompressibility. The hydrostatic approximation.The Coriolis force.The Reynolds equations.The primitive equations.The Shallow Water Equations. Boundary Processes. Initial conditions.Material boundary conditions. Open boundaries conditions. Conditions on the sea surface and the bottom.References.Monitoring Physical Processes.- Introduction.Definition and Objectives of Environmental Monitoring.Multi-purposefulness of Monitoring Activity.Types of Monitoring. Baseline and Targeted Monitoring from a View of System Approach.Monitoring Parameters.Spatial Schemes of Monitoring.Types of Monitoring Measurements .Temporal Schedule of Monitoring. Monitoring and Short-term Data Collection Dedicated to Modeling.References. Time Series Analysis of Lagoon Variables.- Introduction.Lagoon Time Series.Time Series Preprocessing.Time Domain Analysis.Filters. Frequency Domain Analysis. Spectral analysis. Harmonic analysis.Summary. Discretization Techniques.- Introduction.The Basics. Discretization.Requirements.The Decay Equation - A Simple Example.Basic discretization formulas. Accuracy. Stability. Inertial Motion - A System of Equations. Matrices and Eigen values.Various schemes. The Diffusion Equation - The Spatial Dimensio.First and second spatial derivative. Explicit and implicit schemes.Stability The von Neuman stability analysis.The Transport Equation.The FTCS scheme. The forward and backward scheme.The propagation cone.The leap frog scheme.Final thoughts.Gravity Waves. Staggered schemes.Stability of schemes.The shallow water equations.Conclusions. Numerical Models as Decision Support Tools in Coastal Areas Decision Support Tools.- Decision Support Tools. Brief History of Modelling Tools. MOHID. MOHID: A Modular System. Model Module. Introduction.Single model.Nested models. Bathymetry module.Geometry module.Finite volume.Vertical coordinates. Hydrodynamic module. Open boundary conditions. Moving boundaries. Lagrangian module.Tracer concept. Tracer movement. Turbulent diffusion. Monitoring boxes.Oil module. Implementation .Oil-beaching.Removal techniques. Waterproperties mo
Riassunto
Like all limited and vulnerable resources, water has become one of the potential targets of terrorists. Coastal lagoons are especially vulnerable as they are densely populated centers of commerce and/or tourism. This volume addresses the basic scientific concepts that must be integrated by decisionmakers to minimize damages and optimize recovery operations in the aftermath of such an attack. Scientists from many disciplines including water resource management, hydrodynamics, aquatic ecology and social science combine their expertise in an effort to assess and model emergency scenarios for coastal lagoon systems. This case study uses existing numerical models such as-EFCD, WASP and AQUATOX are used to demonstrate how to optimize rapid response and decision-making
