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Criminal laws in India form the backbone of the legal system tasked with maintaining public order, delivering justice, and deterring unlawful conduct. Rooted primarily in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, these laws define offences, prescribe punishments, and outline the legal consequences of criminal behavior. Supplemented by various special statutes such as the Prevention of Corruption Act, POCSO Act, and the Information Technology Act, the framework is both comprehensive and dynamic, addressing traditional crimes like theft and murder, as well as emerging threats such as cybercrime and financial fraud. The principles of actus reus (guilty act) and men's rea (guilty mind) underpin criminal liability, ensuring fairness and proportionality in enforcement. The procedural dimension of India's criminal law is governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, which lays down the processes for investigation, arrest, trial, bail, and appeal. It defines the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement agencies, public prosecutors, and the judiciary while safeguarding the rights of the accused and victims.
