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Zusatztext “For the historian this is an important work as it provides a window on to the history of female body and the ways in which both men and women have sought to control and sometimes prevent 'active womanhood.'…This work should also be required reading for all physical educators as Verbrugge recognizes physical education's potential as a social justice movement more so than most practitioners and scholars within the field.”-Alison M. Wrynn, Journal of Social History Informationen zum Autor Martha H. Verbrugge is Presidential Professor in the Department of History at Bucknell University and the author of Able-Bodied Womanhood: Personal Health and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Boston. Klappentext During the twentieth century, opportunities for exercise and sports grew significantly for girls and women in the United States. Among the key figures who influenced this revolution were female physical educators. Drawing on extensive archival research, Active Bodies examines the ideas, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including coed and single-sex, public and private, and predominantly white and historically black institutions. Working primarily with female students, women physical educators had to consider what an active female could and should do in comparison to boys and men. Applying concepts of sex differences, they debated the implications of female anatomy, physiology, reproductive functions, and psychosocial traits for achieving gender parity in the gym. Teachers' interpretations were conditioned by the places where they worked, as well as developments in education, feminism, and the law, society's changing attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, and scientific controversies over the nature and significance of sex differences. While deliberating fairness for their students, women physical educators also pursued equity for themselves, as their workplaces and nascent profession often marginalized female and minority personnel. Questions of difference and equity divided the field throughout the century; while some teachers favored moderate views and incremental change, others promoted justice for their students and themselves by exerting authority at their schools, critiquing traditional concepts of "difference," and devising innovative curricula.Exploring physical education within and beyond the gym, Active Bodies sheds new light on the enduring complexities of difference and equity in American culture. Zusammenfassung Active Bodies examines the ideas, programs, and experiences of white and black female physical educators from the introduction of mandatory gym class through the recent revolution in women's sports. Amidst sweeping changes in science, feminism, and attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, women teachers debated how to achieve equity for their female students and themselves. Inhaltsverzeichnis Acknowledgments Introduction: Body, Science, and Difference in the Gym 1. "Who is that woman?": Female Physical Educators, 1890s-1940s 2. Active Womanhood and the Science of Sex Differences, 1890s-1940s 3. Gym Periods and Monthly Periods, 1900-1940 4. Gender, Race, and Equity: Howard University and the University of Nebraska 5. "The Joy of Hard Play": Competitive Activities for College Women, 1920s-1950s 6. Separate and Unequal: The Public Schools of Washington, D.C., 1890s-1950s 7. "It's just the gym": Female Physical Educators, 1950-2005 8. Physical Fairness: Science, Feminism, and Sex Differences, 1950-2005 9. Exercising Caution: Physical Activity and Reproductive Health, 1940-2005 Conclusion: Justice in the Gym Notes Select Bibliography Index ...
