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Excerpt from Proceedings: Seepage Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, February 19-21, 1963
The usual causes of leakage are permeable soils or very shallow soils over fractured bedrock in the bottom and/or banks of the basins. In Resource Area No. 6 the seepage problem is associated with the widespread occurrence of a volcanic ash material. Coarse textured, highly permeable soils are the principal cause of seepage in Resource Areas Nos. 7, 18, 27, and 30. In Hawaii the principal cause of seepage is the strongly aggregated clay soils that have extremely high coefficients of permeability.
Several methods of lining and sealing have been tried. Concrete and pneumatically applied mortar linings have been successful, but because of the high initial cost generally have been used only in small overnight irrigation reservoirs. Asphalt plank linings have been used successfully in Hawaii, both for stock-water ponds and small irrigation reser voirs. Their use has been limited due to the cost. Bentonite linings are probably the most extensively used method of sealing ponds and small reservoirs in the Western region, excluding Hawaii. These linings, when properly designed and applied, have been generally successful. Blankets of clay or other fine-textured soil have proven to be a successful method for small areas of exposed bedrock or other material.
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